Received: 2024-09-15  |  Accepted: 2025-02-20  |  Published: 2025-03-30

Title

Investigating gender inequality in the workplace: a South African perspective


Abstract

This review provides a comparative analysis of gender equality practices in the workplace, with a particular emphasis on Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. The research employed a qualitative review of existing literature to gain an in-depth understanding of gender inequality in KwaZulu-Natal and to inform potential policy interventions to promote gender equity in the workplace. Gender equality is essential for promoting inclusive workplaces, economic development, and societal advancement. Wage disparities, unequal promotion opportunities, and under-representation in leadership roles are common consequences of gender inequality in the workplace, which is a persistent issue. Cultural norms, organisational biases, misogyny, patriarchal influences, intersectional marginalisation, and gendered organisational structures are contributing factors. Legal reforms, diversity initiatives, personal empowerment strategies, and solutions such as bridging the gender pay disparity, promoting work-life balance, and challenging gender biases are necessary to address this issue. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing an overview of research on gender inequality in Kwa-Zulu-Natal and identifying gaps that warrant further investigation. Through feminist theory as its framework, the paper explores gender inequalities in South Africa, advocating for the equal and fair treatment of men and women. Furthermore, it is an essential resource for government sectors, emphasising the necessity of effective policies and interventions to resolve workplace inequalities, thereby assisting policymakers in implementing targeted initiatives. The research paper employed a systematic review approach to collect information from qualitative studies, thereby ensuring a context-sensitive analysis and improving the rigour and precision of the search process.


Keywords

gender, discrimination, inequality, bias, workplace


JEL classifications

J70 , J71


URI

http://jssidoi.org/ird/article/191


DOI


Pages

144-158


Funding

This research was funded by Walter Sisulu University and Nelson Mandela University.

This is an open access issue and all published articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Authors

Mabungela, Anathi Beauty
Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa https://www.wsu.ac.za
Articles by this author in: CrossRef |  Google Scholar

Nyusani, Sixolile
Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa https://www.wsu.ac.za
Articles by this author in: CrossRef |  Google Scholar

Davids, Denver
Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa https://www.mandela.ac.za
Articles by this author in: CrossRef |  Google Scholar

Journal title

Insights into Regional Development

Volume

7


Number

1


Issue date

March 2025


Issue DOI


ISSN

ISSN 2345-0282 (online)


Publisher

VšĮ Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, Vilnius, Lithuania

Cited

Google Scholar

Article views & downloads

HTML views: 1590  |  PDF downloads: 713

References


Abalkhail, J.M. 2020. Women managing women: hierarchical relationships and career impact. Career Development International, 25(4), 389-413. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-01-2019-0020

Search via ReFindit


Afif, M.R. 2019. Millennials engagement: Work-life balance vs work-life integration. In Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2018), pp. 284-290. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/sores-18.2019.67

Search via ReFindit


Amoruso, S. 2015. # Girlboss. Portfolio.

Search via ReFindit


Andrade, C.B. 2023. Female Latin American migrant workers and violences: towards an intersectional perspective? Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 28, 3279-3285. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320232811.16622022

Search via ReFindit


Atteh, E., Martin, G., Oduro, A.T., Mensah, F.A., & Gyamfi, R. 2020. An overview on influence of work-family life conflict among female teachers and their job satisfaction in schools. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 9(2), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v9i230245

Search via ReFindit


Balamurugan, G., & Sreeleka, M. 2020. A study on work life balance of women employees in it sector. International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research, 7(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i1.2020.499

Search via ReFindit


Bassier, I., & Gautham, L. 2024. The Firm-Wage Gender Gap and Formal Sector Churn Over the Life Cycle. Available at SSRN 4972672.The Firm-Wage Gender Gap and Formal Sector Churn Over the Life Cycle. Available at SSRN 4972672. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4972672

Search via ReFindit


Brown, B. 2018. Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole hearts. Random house. https://www.amazon.com/Dare-Lead-Brave-Conversations-Hearts/dp/0399592520

Search via ReFindit


Casale, D., & Posel, D. 2020. Gender and the early effects of the Covid-19 crisis in the paid and unpaid economies in South Africa. National Income Dynamics Study Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (NIDS-CRAM) Working Paper, Wave 1(4). https://cramsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Casale_policy-brief.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Danquah, M., Iddrisu, A. M., Boakye, E. O., & Owusu, S. 2021. Do Gender Wage Differences Within Households Influence Women's Empowerment and Welfare? Evidence from Ghana. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 188, 916-32. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/978-5

Search via ReFindit


Davenport, D., Natesan, S., Caldwell, M.T., Gallegos, M., Landry, A., Parsons, M., & Gottlieb, M., 2022. Faculty recruitment, retention, and representation in leadership: an evidence-based guide to best practices for diversity, equity, and inclusion from the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 23(1), p.62. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2021.8.53754

Search via ReFindit


DeSimone, K. 2020. Beyond gender: reconceptualising understandings of work-life balance and the extreme work model for 21st-century high-potential top earners. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(6), 1071-1084. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-02-2020-0042

Search via ReFindit


Dewitt, S., Jafari-Sadeghi, V., Sukumar, A., Aruvanahalli Nagaraju, R., Sadraei, R., & Li, F. 2023. Family dynamics and relationships in female entrepreneurship: An exploratory study. Journal of Family Business Management, 13(3), 626-644. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-01-2022-0013

Search via ReFindit


Du, J. 2024. Advancing gender equality in the workplace: Challenges, strategies, and the way forward. Journal of Theory and Practice of Social Science, 4(04), 46-50. .11 https://doi.org/10.53469/jtpss.2024.04(04)

Search via ReFindit


EEOC. 2021. Sexual Harassment in Our Nation’s Workplaces. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/data/sexual-harassment-our-nations-workplaces

Search via ReFindit


Enaifoghe, A., & Idowu, T.A. 2021. The attitudes and perceptions toward sexuality and the social influence on gender-based violence in South Africa. African Journal of Public Affairs, 12(1), 153-170. https://journals.co.za/doi/full/10.10520/ejc-ajpa_v12_n1_a10

Search via ReFindit


Eren, Z., & Toy, S. 2024. Impact Chain Analysis on Determining the Vulnerability Levels of Women to Climate Hazards and Risks: A Case Study of Türkiye. KADEM Journal of Women's Studies, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2024.146

Search via ReFindit


Fazal, S., Masood, S., Nazir, F., & Majoka, M.I. 2022. Individual and organisational strategies for promoting work-life balance for sustainable workforce: A systematic literature review from Pakistan. Sustainability, 14(18), 11552. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811552

Search via ReFindit


Greene, J., El‐Banna, M.M., Briggs, L.A., & Park, J. 2017. Gender differences in nurse practitioner salaries. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 29(11), 667-672. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12512

Search via ReFindit


Helman, R., & Ratele, K. 2016. Everyday (in) equality at home: complex constructions of gender in South African families. Global Health Action, 9(1), 31122. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.31122

Search via ReFindit


Hervías Parejo, V., & Radulović, B. 2023. Public Policies on Gender Equality. In Gender-Competent Legal Education (pp. 405-428). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14360-1_12

Search via ReFindit


Hill, E.J., & Carroll, S.J. 2014. Work-life harmony. In A.C. Michalos (Eds.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and wellbeing research (pp. 7237-7238). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3271

Search via ReFindit


Hill, R., & Kohler, T. (2020). Mind the gap: Analysing the effects of South Africa's national lockdown on gender wage inequality. The South African National Income Dynamics Study: NIDS-CRAM Wave 2 Report. https://cramsurvey.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/7.-Hill-R.-_-Ko%CC%88hler-T.-2020-Mind-the-gap-Analysing-the-effects-of-South-Africa%E2%80%99s-national-lockdown-on-gender-wage-inequality.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Jalaja, D. 2020. Women Employee's Work and Life - Striking the Right Balance. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT), 280-286. https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-696

Search via ReFindit


Jansen, G.M., & Terblanche, N.H.D. 2021. The spill-over effects of postgraduate coaching studies in the resilience of women in triple roles. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 14(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521882.2020.1756364

Search via ReFindit


Ji, Y., Wu, X., Sun, S., & He, G. (2017). Unequal care, unequal work: Toward a more comprehensive understanding of gender inequality in post-reform urban China. Sex Roles, 77, 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0751-1

Search via ReFindit


Jones, C.B., & Gates, M., 2004. Gender-based wage differentials in a predominantly female profession: observations from nursing. Economics of Education Review, 23(6), 615-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.06.001

Search via ReFindit


Kaggwa, M. 2020. Interventions to promote gender equality in the mining sector of South Africa. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.03.015

Search via ReFindit


Katait, S.K., & Phule, K., 2018. Work life balance and working women. Journal of Commerce and Trade, 13(1), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.26703/JCT.v13i1-7

Search via ReFindit


Kelliher, C., Richardson, J., & Boiarintseva, G. 2019. All of work? All of life? Reconceptualising work‐life balance for the 21st century. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(2), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12215

Search via ReFindit


Keynejad, R.C., Mekonnen, F.D., Qabile, A., Handuleh, J.I.M., Dahir, M.A., Rabi, M.M.H., Read, C., & Ismail, E.A. 2018. Gender equality in the global health workplace: learning from a Somaliland-UK paired institutional partnership. BMJ Global Health, 3(6), p.e001073. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001073

Search via ReFindit


Khuzwayo, Z., 2016. Separate space: An approach to addressing gender inequality in the workplace. Journal of International Women's Studies, 17(4), 91-101. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Separate-Space%3A-An-Approach-to-Addressing-Gender-in-Khuzwayo/782e823be2c34d992921d218ddbb7ba61a0ab68c

Search via ReFindit


Kim, J.Y., Fitzsimons, G.M., & Kay, A.C., 2018. Lean in messages increase attributions of women's responsibility for gender inequality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), p. 974. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000129

Search via ReFindit


Kirkwood, D. 2018. Gender in South Africa. © World Bank, Washington, DC https://doi.org/10.1596/30025

Search via ReFindit


Kniffin K.M., Narayanan J., Anseel F., Antonakis J., Ashford S., Bakker A.B., et al. 2021. COVID-19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and Action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716

Search via ReFindit


Kok, A.A., Aartsen, M.J., Deeg, D.J., & Huisman, M. 2016. Socioeconomic inequalities in a 16-year longitudinal measurement of successful ageing. J Epidemiol Community Health, 70(11), 1106-1113. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206938

Search via ReFindit


KPMG. (2020). The KPMG Women's Leadership Study. KPMG. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ph/pdf/ThoughtLeadershipPublications/KPMGWomensLeadershipStudy.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Lambert, A., Quennehen, M., & Segú, M. 2023. Gender differences in the association between nonstandard work schedules and work-family conflict: A mixed methods analysis in France. Journal of Family Research-JFR, 35, 553-573. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-934

Search via ReFindit


Little, J. 2002. Rural geography: rural gender identity and the performance of masculinity and femininity in the countryside. Progress in Human Geography, 26(5), 665-670. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph394pr

Search via ReFindit


Little, T.H., Dunn, D., & Deen, R.E. 2001. A view from the top: Gender differences in legislative priorities among state legislative leaders. Women & Politics, 22(4), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.1300/J014v22n04_02

Search via ReFindit


Liu, L., MacPhail, F., & Dong, X. Y. 2018. Gender, work burden, and mental health in post-reform China. Feminist Economics, 24(2), 194-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2017.1384557

Search via ReFindit


Lloyd, H.R., & Mey, M.R. 2007. Gender differences in perceptions of workplace progression: an automotive industry case study. Southern African Business Review, 11(3), 95-120. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC92860

Search via ReFindit


Madonsela, N., & Matolweni, P. 2019. Women's Participation in the Construction Industry in South Africa: An Analysis of Issues and Challenges. Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa, 8(2), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4292/2019/v8n2a4

Search via ReFindit


Malinga, M. 2024. Precarious work and constructions of masculinities: the case of day labour workers in Cape Town, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 54(3), 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/00812463241269559

Search via ReFindit


Maotoana, M.R., Masola, N.J., Mashatola, K., Ndlovu, T., & Shongwe, T.M.K. 2024. The experiences of women in the workplace in a South African context: A systematic review. African Journal of Gender, Society & Development, 13(3), p.419. https://doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2024/v13n3a20

Search via ReFindit


McKinsey & Company. 2021. Women in the Workplace 2021. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/diversity%20and%20inclusion/women%20in%20the%20workplace%202021/women-in-the-workplace-2021.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Min, D. 2016. Translation and travelling theory: Feminist theory and praxis in China. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315549934

Search via ReFindit


Mkhize, S., & Ngwenya, S. 2021. Female Participation in the South African Construction Industry: Challenges and Opportunities. South African Journal of Science, 117(7/8), 1-6.

Search via ReFindit


Mosomi, J. (2019). Distributional Changes in the Gender Wage Gap in the Post-Apartheid South African Labour Market'. WIDER Working Paper 2019/17. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNUWIDER/2019/651-7

Search via ReFindit


Moyo, E., Moyo, P., Dzinamarira, T., Murewanhema, G., & Ross, A., 2024. Factors Influencing Postnatal Care Utilisation Among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Childbirth, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1891/IJC-2023-0076

Search via ReFindit


Muench, U., & Dietrich, H., 2019. The male-female earnings gap for nurses in Germany: a pooled cross-sectional study of the years 2006 and 2012. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 89, 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.07.006

Search via ReFindit


Musetsho, M., Isac, N., & Dobrin, C., 2021. Gender inequalities in the workplace: Case study of South Africa. Management and Economics Review, 6(1), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.24818/mer/2021.06-06

Search via ReFindit


NATO. 2019. Summary of the national reports of NATO member and partner nations to the NATO committee on gender perspectives.

Search via ReFindit


Ndzabela, O., & Lukman, Y., 2023. The impact of gender inequality on economic development. Insights into Regional Development, 5(4), 49-64. https://doi.org/10.9770/IRD.2023.5.4(4)

Search via ReFindit


Nguyen, A. 2020. Challenges for Women with Disabilities Accessing Reproductive Health Care Around the World: A Scoping Review. Sex Disabil 38, 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11195-020-09630-7

Search via ReFindit


OECD. 2023. Gender wage gap (indicator) https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/gender-wage-gap.html

Search via ReFindit


Okhunova, O.U. 2024. Advancing gender equality in the labor market: a comprehensive review and analysis. Экономика и социум, (4-1 (119)), 400-405. https://www.iupr.ru/_files/ugd/b06fdc_1761560951ba48229999721f55bdae21.pdf?index=true

Search via ReFindit


Olawuyi, S.O., Mushunje, A., & Eyinade, G. 2024. Micro-analysis of earnings and its determinants in eastern cape province of South Africa. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(6), 2996. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i6.2996

Search via ReFindit


Ovadia, J.S. 2022. Addressing gender inequality through employment and procurement: Local content in Tanzania's emerging gas industry. The Extractive Industries and Society, 9, 101028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.101028

Search via ReFindit


Ozer, E.K. 2023. Gender bias in workplaces: A Scoping Review of the factors leading the gender bias. Uluslararası Yonetim Iktisat ve Işletme Dergisi, 19(1), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1192218

Search via ReFindit


Perez, C.C. 2019. Invisible women: Data bias in a world designed for men. Abrams. https://carolinecriadoperez.com/book/invisible-women/

Search via ReFindit


Perks, R., & Schulz, K., 2020. Gender in oil, gas and mining: An overview of the global state-of-play. The Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.010

Search via ReFindit


Philipsen, H., & Vernooij-Dassen, M. 2007. Kwalitatief onderzoek: nuttig, onmisbaar en uitdagend. In L. PLBJ & H. TCo (Eds.), Kwalitatief onderzoek: Praktische methoden voor de medische praktijk. [Qualitative research: useful, indispensable and challenging. In: Qualitative research: Practical methods for medical practice (pp. 5-12). Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-6373-5_1

Search via ReFindit


Punshon, G., Maclaine, K., Trevatt, P., Radford, M., Shanley, O., & Leary, A. 2019. Nursing pay by gender distribution in the UK - does the Glass Escalator still exist? International Journal of Nursing Studies, 93, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.02.008

Search via ReFindit


Rajesh, D., & Rajini A., 2022. A study on worklife balance at ispatial techno solutions -hyderabad. EPRA International Journal of Environmental, Economics, Commerce and Educational Management, 62-68. https://doi.org/10.36713/epra10924

Search via ReFindit


Rees, E., Beeber, S.N., Sampson, R., & Lietz, J.P. 2023. Empowering Single Parents: Navigating Socio-Economic Challenges and Fostering Resilience in Family Wellbeing. Law and Economics, 17(2), 131-150. https://doi.org/10.35335/laweco.v17i2.5

Search via ReFindit


Rezvani, S. 2024. Pushback: How smart women ask-and stand up-for what they want. John Wiley & Sons. https://www.amazon.com/Pushback-Smart-Women-Askand-Stand/dp/1394273029

Search via ReFindit


Rothbard, N.P., Beetz, A.M., & Harari, D. 2021. Balancing the scales: a configurational approach to work-life balance. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 73-103. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-061833

Search via ReFindit


Ryan, M.K., & Morgenroth, T. 2024. Why we should stop trying to fix women: how context shapes and constrains women's career trajectories. Annual Review of Psychology, 75(1), 555-572. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032620-030938

Search via ReFindit


Saks, A.M., Gruman, J.A., & Zhang, Q. 2022. Organisation engagement: A review and comparison to job engagement. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 9(1), 20-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-12-2020-0253

Search via ReFindit


Sandberg, S. 2015. Lean in-women, work and the will to lead. NHRD Network Journal, 8(2) https://doi.org/10.1177/0974173920150225

Search via ReFindit


Sarker, S., Ahuja, M., Sarker, S., & Bullock, K.M. 2021. Work-life balance: An overview. In S. Sarker, M. Ahuja, S. Sarker, & K.M. Bullock (Eds.), Navigating work and life boundaries: Insights for distributed knowledge professionals (pp. 1-24). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72759-8_1

Search via ReFindit


Schaeffer, K. 2024. The data on women leaders. Data on Women Leaders in the U.S. | Pew

Search via ReFindit


Shober, D. 2014. Women in higher education in South Africa. Gender Transformation in the Academy, 19, pp. 315-332. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1529-212620140000019014

Search via ReFindit


Simmons, S.V., & Yawson, R.M. 2022. Developing leaders for disruptive change: An inclusive leadership approach. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 24(4), 242-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/15234223221114359

Search via ReFindit


Sinden, E. 2017. Exploring the gap between male and female employment in the South African workforce. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1515/mjss-2017-0040

Search via ReFindit


Snodgrass, J.L. 2018. Women leaving prison: Justice-seeking spiritual support for female returning citizens. Lexington Books. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/41545555-women-leaving-prison

Search via ReFindit


Stats SA. 2022. Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 2 2022. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/Presentation%20QLFS%20Q2%202022.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Stats, SA. 2018. Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Statistics South Africa. Retrieved from https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02112ndQuarter2018.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Thomson, A., Palmén, R., Reidl, S., Barnard, S., Beranek, S., Dainty, A.R.J., & Hassan, T.M. 2022. Fostering collaborative approaches to gender equality interventions in higher education and research: the case of transnational and multi-institutional communities of practice. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1935804

Search via ReFindit


UIS (UNESCO Inst. Stat.). 2019. Women in science. Fact sheet 55, UNESCO Inst. Stat., Paris. https://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs55-women-in-science-2019-en.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Van Rensburg, C.J., Bezuidenhout, C., Matthee, M., & Stolzenburg, V., 2020. Globalisation and gender inequality: Evidence from South Africa (No. 2020/97). WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2020/854-2

Search via ReFindit


Verma, S., & Gautam, R.S. 2022. The effect of education on working women for work-life balance. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 5(9), 458-592. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1703323.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Vijayaraghavan, T., & Martin, M.M. 2020. A study on work life balance with reference to Indian women. Our Heritage, 68(30), 4771-4775. https://archives.ourheritagejournal.com/index.php/oh/article/view/4628

Search via ReFindit


Vyas-Doorgapersad, S., 2023. A Critical Review of Employee Health, Wellbeing Programs, and Organizational Success: Navigating Post-COVID-19 Sustainable Development. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 12(6), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i6.2776

Search via ReFindit


Wilson, B.L., Butler, M.J., Butler, R.J., & Johnson, W.G., 2018. Nursing gender pay differentials in the new millennium. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12356

Search via ReFindit


Women, U.N. 2022. Facts and figures: Ending violence against women Dey and Thakar. https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/ending-violenceagainst-women/facts-and-figures

Search via ReFindit


Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., & Kim, W. 2020. The relationship between work engagement and work-life balance in organisations: A review of the empirical research. Human Resource Development Review, 19(3), 240-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320917560

Search via ReFindit


Wu, A. X., & Dong, Y. 2019. What is made-in-China feminism (s)? Gender discontent and class friction in post-socialist China. Critical Asian Studies, 51(4), 471-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2019.1656538

Search via ReFindit


Yadav, A., Pandita, D., & Singh, S. 2022. Work-life integration, job contentment, employee engagement and its impact on organisational effectiveness: A systematic literature review. Industrial and Commercial Training, 54(3), 509-527. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-12-2021-0083

Search via ReFindit


Zhu, L. 2024. Gender Issues in Translation Studies: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(2), 792-807. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i2/20426

Search via ReFindit


Zhu, Z. 2021. December. The causes and solutions of gender inequality in the workplace. In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021) (pp. 693-697). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.118

Search via ReFindit


Zhu, Z. 2022. December. Gender Differences in English Learning of Chinese Students. In 2022 6th International Seminar on Education, Management and Social Sciences (ISEMSS 2022) (pp. 866-873). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-31-2_101

Search via ReFindit


Zurndorfer, H. 2018. Escape from the country: the gender politics of Chinese women in pursuit of transnational romance. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(4), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1453488

Search via ReFindit