Received: 2023-02-25  |  Accepted: 2023-05-20  |  Published: 2023-06-30

Title

Public-private partnerships to improve water infrastructure in Zimbabwe


Abstract

Zimbabwe desperately requires financial assistance to fix existing infrastructure and build new urban water systems. This analysis suggests that PPPs may give Zimbabwe the best opportunity to overcome its problems with water infrastructure. Zimbabwe still has trouble supplying water to its cities because of a shortage of resources and deteriorating infrastructure. This situation was already confirmed by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (see 2019 reports), and PPPs could mitigate the financial challenges to assist the Zimbabwean Government. The study utilised qualitative research to gather information. Interview responses were supplemented with a literature review to thematically state responses. The results demonstrate that political backing, government accountability, economic viability, and suitable statutory, financial, technological, and institutional frameworks are the key prerequisites for implementing PPPs effectively in Zimbabwe. The study proposes that PPPs are perceived as an alternative reform strategy for improved urban water infrastructure in the country. However, PPPs must consider the implementation imperatives before being adopted and implemented. This requires an environment conducive to operating PPPs, including proper planning and meticulous implementation. If entered hurriedly, PPPs can exacerbate the problems they were implemented to rectify, thereby saving the taxpayers' hard-earned money.


Keywords

public-private partnerships, urban water, water infrastructure, Zimbabwe


JEL classifications

G38 , H54 , Q25


URI

http://jssidoi.org/ird/article/130


DOI


Pages

24-37


Funding


This is an open access issue and all published articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Authors

Mutandwa, Hudson
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa https://www.uj.ac.za
Articles by this author in: CrossRef |  Google Scholar

Vyas-Doorgapersad , Shikha
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa https://www.uj.ac.za
Articles by this author in: CrossRef |  Google Scholar

Journal title

Insights into Regional Development

Volume

5


Number

2


Issue date

June 2023


Issue DOI


ISSN

ISSN 2345-0282 (online)


Publisher

VšĮ Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, Vilnius, Lithuania

Cited

Google Scholar

Article views & downloads

HTML views: 2099  |  PDF downloads: 763

References


African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW). (2015). Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe. Tuning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond. Nairobi, Kenya: World Bank.

Search via ReFindit


African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW). (2019). Is Africa on Track to Achieve the SDGs on Sanitation? A Review of Progress on the Ngor Declaration on Sanitation and Hygiene. Abuja: African Ministers Council on Water.

Search via ReFindit


Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI). (2011). Appropriate financial instruments for public-private partnership to boost cross-border infrastructural development: EU experience. Tokyo: Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku.

Search via ReFindit


Barney, J.B. (1999). How a firm's capabilities affect boundary decisions. MIT Sloan Management Review, 40(3), 137.

Search via ReFindit


Barzelay, M. (1992). Breaking through bureaucracy: A new vision for managing in government. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Search via ReFindit


Baylis, K. & Hall, D. (2000). Independent power producers: A review of issues. University of Greenwich, PSIRU.

Search via ReFindit


Boston, J. (1996). Public management: The New Zealand model. USA: Oxford University Press.

Search via ReFindit


Brown, T.L. & Potoski, M. (2005). Transaction costs and contracting: The practitioner perspective. Public Performance and Management Review, 28(3), 326-51.

Search via ReFindit


Chikwawawa, C. & Bvirindi, J. (2019). Exploring the feasibility of public private partnerships in the healthcare sector in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(11), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.11.2019.p9503

Search via ReFindit


Chirinda, N. (2015). Water in Zimbabwean local authorities. Journal of Public Administration, 3(1), 21-24.

Search via ReFindit


Christy, R., Mabaya, E., Wilson, N., Mutambatsere, E. & Mhlanga, N. (2009). Enabling environments for competitive agro industries. In C.A. da Silva, D. Baker, A.W. Shepherd, C. Jenane & S. Miranda-da-Cruz (Eds.). Agro industries for development. (pp. 136–185). Wallingford, United Kingdom, CABI. ttps://doi.org/10.1079/9781845935764.0136

Search via ReFindit


DeHoog, R. H. (1997). Legal Issues in Contracting for Public Services. In: Cooper, P. J. and Newlands, C.A. (Eds), The Handbook of Public Law and Administration. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Search via ReFindit


Dhoba, L. (2022). Strengthening water, sanitation and hygiene governance: a critical review of Zimbabwe's WASH sector institutional arrangements. H2Open Journal, 5(2), 248-263. https://doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2022.063

Search via ReFindit


Dube, C. & Chigumira, G. (2011). The scope for public-private partnerships for infrastructure development in Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe Economic Policy Analysis and Research Unit (ZEPARU).

Search via ReFindit


Elle, S.M. (2022). The role of corporate governance in management of physical public infrastructures in some selected Sub-Saharan African countries. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. 6(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v6i1.1382

Search via ReFindit


Farnham, D. & Horton, S. (Eds) (1996). Managing the new public services. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24723-3

Search via ReFindit


Ferris, J.M. & Graddy, E. (1991). Production costs, transaction costs, and local government contractor choice. Economic Inquiry, 29(3), 541-554. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb00845.x

Search via ReFindit


Fervrier, B. (2003). Guidelines for succcessful public-private partnerships (pp. 100). Brussels: European Commission.

Search via ReFindit


Forged, D. (2015). Outsourcing services in local authorities. Nairobi: World Bank.

Search via ReFindit


Garvin, M. (2010). Enabling development of the transportation public private partnership market in United States. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136, 140-411. CO.1943-7862.0000122 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)

Search via ReFindit


Global Water Partnership (GWP). (2014). Engaging public-private partnerships in water security. Background Paper. Stockholm: Global Water Partnership.

Search via ReFindit


Government of Zimbabwe. (1998). Zimbabwe Water Act of 1988 [Chapter 20:24]. Harare: Government Printers. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Government of Zimbabwe. (2009). Short Term Economic Recovery Programme (STERP), 2009. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Government of Zimbabwe. (2013). Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No.20) Act 2013. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Government of Zimbabwe. (2015). National Water Policy (NWP) 2015. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Government of Zimbabwe. (2021). National Budget Statement. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Grimsey, D. & Lewis, M.K. (2004). Public private partnerships: The worldwide revolution in infrastructure provision and project finance. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845423438.00001

Search via ReFindit


Helmy, R., Khourshed, N., Wahba, M. & Bary, A.A.E. (2020). Exploring critical success factors for public private partnership case study: The educational sector in Egypt. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 142. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040142

Search via ReFindit


Hood, C. (1991). A public management for all seasons? Public administration, 69(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1991.tb00779.x

Search via ReFindit


Jerome, A. (2004). Infrastructure privatisation and Liberalisation in Africa: The quest for the holy grail or coup de grace?" Johannesburg National Institute for Economic Policy paper presented at 4th Mediterranean Seminar on International Development, Palma de Mallorca, Spain: University of the Balearic Islands

Search via ReFindit


Kabi, P. (2020). Why one hospital takes up almost 30% of this country's entire health budget. Bhekisisa, Centre for Health Journalism. https://bhekisisa.org/health-news-south-africa/2020-02-06-netcare-looks-to-lesotho-high-court-to-intervene-in-floundering-public-private-hospital/

Search via ReFindit


Kaboolian, L. (1998). The new public management: Challenging the boundaries of the management vs. administration debate. Public Administration Review, 58(3):189-193. https://doi.org/10.2307/976558

Search via ReFindit


Kanyepi T. & Tanyanyiwa, V.I. (2021). Urban Water Governance in Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Challenges toward SDG6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70061-8_182-1

Search via ReFindit


Lan, Z. & Rosenbloom, D.H. (1992). Public administration in transition? Public Administration Review, 52(6), 535-537. https://doi.org/10.2307/977163

Search via ReFindit


Ménard, C., Tropp, H. & Jiméne, A. (2017). Addressing the policy-implementation gaps in water services: the key role of meso-institutions. Water International, 43(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1405696

Search via ReFindit


Makaya, E., Rohse, M., Day, R., Vogel, C., Mehta, L., McEwen, L., Rangecroft, S., & Van Loon, A.F (2020). Water governance challenges in rural South Africa: exploring institutional coordination in drought management. Water Policy, 22(4), 519-540. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.234

Search via ReFindit


Makurira, H., Mugumo, M. (2006). Water Sector Reforms in Zimbabwe: The Importance of policy and institutional coordination on implementation. Proceedings of the African Regional workshop on watershed management, Nairobi: FAO. 167-174.

Search via ReFindit


Marin, P. (2009). Private partnerships for urban water utilities: A review of experiences in developing countries (p.2). World Bank’s publication of Trends and policy Option No. 8, Washington DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7956-1

Search via ReFindit


Marriott, A. 2014. A Dangerous Diversion: Will the IFC's flagship health public–private partnership bankrupt Lesotho's Ministry of Health? OXFAM Internatiol. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/dangerous-diversion

Search via ReFindit


McQuaid, R.W. (2005). Theory of Partnership: Why have Partnership?, In S. P. Osborne, (Ed.), Public Private Partnership, Theory and Practice in International Perspective. London: Routledge.

Search via ReFindit


Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC). (2020). The National Health Profile Report. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.

Search via ReFindit


Mothabi, P. and Vyas-Doorgapersad, S. (2022). Overview of misconduct influencing ethical culture in the Local Government Sector Education Training Authority, South Africa. International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science, 11(4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i4.1816

Search via ReFindit


Musemwa, M. (2021). Urban struggles over water scarcity in Harare. Dædalus, 150(4), 27-47. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01871

Search via ReFindit


Mutandwa, H. & Zinyama, T. (2015). An analysis of the potential use of public-private partnerships in water infrastructural development in Zimbabwe: The Case of Harare City Council. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 5(1), 110-136. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v5i1.7366

Search via ReFindit


Mutazu, G. (2020). Implementation of public private partnership (PPPs) on infrastructural development in Zimbabwe. Glasgow: Caledonian University

Search via ReFindit


National Action Committee (NAC). (2010). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Sector Coordination Mechanisms. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.

Search via ReFindit


Nhapi, I. (2009). The water situation in Harare, Zimbabwe: A policy and management problem. Water Policy, 11(51), 221-223. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.018

Search via ReFindit


Nyikadzino, T. and Vyas-Doorgapersad, S. (2020). The devolution of governmental powers and responsibilities in post-independent Zimbabwe. African Renaissance, 17(1), 233-251. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2020/17n1a11

Search via ReFindit


Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Search via ReFindit


Osborne, S. (Ed.). (2000). Public-private partnerships. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203207116

Search via ReFindit


Pollit, C. (1993). Occasional excursions: A brief history of policy evaluation in the UK. Parliamentary Affairs, 46(3), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052425

Search via ReFindit


Robles, M., Torero, M. & Von Braun, J. (2009). When speculation matters. https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/idc/groups/public/@swaps/documents/file/plstudy_40_ifpri.pdf

Search via ReFindit


Sibanda, N. (2015). Challenges and prospects of the South African women empowerment and gender equality bill. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22151

Search via ReFindit


Stiglitz, J.E. (1987). The causes and consequences of the dependence of quality on price. Journal of Economic Literature, 25(1), 1-48.

Search via ReFindit


Sulser, P. O. (2018). Infrastructure PPPs in the Most Challenging Developing Countries: Closing the Gap. London: Euromoney Trading Limited.

Search via ReFindit


Taonameso, S., Mudau, L.S., Traoré, A.N. & Potgieter, N. (2021). Urban water conundrums in Zimbabwe: – The role of water policy and its implementation gaps. Water Supply. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.386

Search via ReFindit


United Nations (UN). (2021). UN water. NY: UN.

Search via ReFindit


United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). (2019). The State of Wash Financing in Eastern and Southern Africa: Zimbabwe Country Level Assessment. Nairobi: UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office.

Search via ReFindit


Van Meter, D.S. & Van Horn, C.E. (1975). The policy implementation process: A conceptual framework. Administration & Society, 6(4), 445-488. https://doi.org/10.1177/009539977500600404

Search via ReFindit


Walsh, K. (1991). Competitive tendering of local government services: Initial experience. UK: Birmingham University.

Search via ReFindit


Wehrheim, D. (2013). Sustainable infrastructural development. Are public private partnerships the missing link in Africa? Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 1(1), 1–14.

Search via ReFindit


Williamson, O. (1993). Calculativeness, trust, and economic organisation. Journal of Law and Economics, 36(2), 453-486. https://doi.org/10.1086/467284

Search via ReFindit


Williamson, O.E. (1979). Transaction-cost economics: the governance of contractual relations. The Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 233-261. https://doi.org/10.1086/466942

Search via ReFindit


Williamson, O.E. (1996). The mechanisms of governance. Oxford University Press.

Search via ReFindit


World Bank (WB). (2009). Attracting investors to African public-private partnerships: A project preparation guide. Washington DC: World Bank.

Search via ReFindit


World Bank (WB). (2011). Attracting investors to African public-private partnerships: A project preparation. Washington: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/29605

Search via ReFindit


World Bank (WB). (2018). Procuring infrastructure public-private partnerships report 2018: Assessing government capability to prepare, procure, and manage PPPs. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank.

Search via ReFindit


Xing, H., Li, Y. and Li, H. (2020). Renegotiation strategy of public private partnership projects with asymmetric information: an evolutionary game approach. Sustainability, 12(7), 2646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072646

Search via ReFindit


Zhou, G. (2012). Fiscal management in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Economics and Business Modelling, 3(1), 152-161.

Search via ReFindit


Zimbabwe Economic Policy Analysis and Research Unit (ZEPARU). (2016). Status and performance of public private partnerships in selected Eastern and Southern African countries. Harare: ZEPARU.

Search via ReFindit


Zimbabwe Infrastructure Report (ZIR). (2019). http://www.Afdb.Org/En/Countries/Southernafrica/Zimbabwe/

Search via ReFindit


Zimbabwe National Chambers of Commerce (ZNCC). (2009). The feasibility of public private sector partnerships: Towards infrastructure development in Zimbabwe. Harare: ZNCC.

Search via ReFindit


Zimbabwe Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMASSET). (2013). Government of Zimbabwe. (2013). Zimbabwe Socio-Economic Transformation document. Harare: Printflow.

Search via ReFindit


Zinyama, T. (2014). Contracting out: What works, what doesn’t and why. International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 1(2), 64-79.

Search via ReFindit