References
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation, and work. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 197–236. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w24196/w24196.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Acemoglu, D., Akcigit, U., Alp, H., Bloom, N., & Kerr, W. (2018). Innovation, reallocation, and growth. American Economic Review, 108, 3450–3491. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130470
Search via ReFindit
Ali, M., Khan, T.I., Khattak, M.N., & Şener, I. (2024). Synergizing AI and business: Maximizing innovation, creativity, decision precision, and operational efficiency in high-tech enterprises. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(3), 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100352
Search via ReFindit
Appelbaum, S. (1997). Socio-technical systems theory: An intervention strategy for organizational development. Management Decision, 35(6), 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251749710173823
Search via ReFindit
Autor, D., Dorn, D., Katz, L.F., Patterson, C., & Van Reenen, J. (2020). The fall of the labor share and the rise of superstar firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 645–709. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjaa004
Search via ReFindit
Bartel, A., Ichniowski, C., & Shaw, K. (2007). How does information technology affect productivity? Plant-level comparisons of product innovation, process improvement, and worker skills. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 1721–1758. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721
Search via ReFindit
Biagi, F., & Parisi, M.L. (2012). Are ICT, Human capital and organizational capital complementary in production? Evidence from Italian panel data. Report EUR 25542 EN. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC75890/lfna25542enn.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Bianchini, S., Müller, M., & Pelletier, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in science: An emerging general method of invention. Research Policy, 51, 104604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104604
Search via ReFindit
Blalock, H. M. (1961). Correlation and causality: the multivariate case. Social Forces, 39(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.2307/2573216
Search via ReFindit
Bonetti, F., Montecchi, M., Plangger, K., & Schau, H.J. (2022). Practice co-evolution: Collaboratively embedding artificial intelligence in retail practices. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 19, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-022-00896-1
Search via ReFindit
Boronenko, V. (2009). Klasteru loma reģionu konkurētspējas paaugstināšanā. Promocijas darbs. Jelgava: Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte. (In Latvian)
Search via ReFindit
Bourdieu, P. (2005). The Social Structures of the Economy. Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-kr/The+Social+Structures+of+the+Economy-p-9780745625393
Search via ReFindit
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. WW Norton & Company.
Search via ReFindit
Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the modern productivity paradox: A clash of expectations and statistics. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 23–57. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w24001/w24001.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Capello, R., Lenzi, C., & Perucca, G. (2022). The modern Solow paradox. In search for explanations. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 63, 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2022.09.013
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024a). Use of ICT in enterprises and e-commerce. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://stat.gov.lv/en/metadata/5234-use-ict-enterprises-and-e-commerce
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024b). EPD030. Enterprises which provide any type of training to develop ICT related skills of the persons employed (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2012–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPD030
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024c). EPD010. ICT specialists in enetrprises 2012–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPD010
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024d). DLU111. Enterprises whose employees have remote access to the enterprise's e-mail system, documents, applications or software (per cent of the total number of enterprises in the corresponding group) 2022–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU111
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024e). EPD020. ICT functions performed in enterprises (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2018–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPD020
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024f). DLU061. Enterprises paying for advertising on the Internet (as per cent of the total number of enterprises in the respective group) 2023–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU061
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024g). DLU040. Internet connection downloading speed in enterprises (as per cent of total enterprises using the Internet in the corresponding group) 2020–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU040
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024h). DLU020. Employees using any type of device with Internet connection in their job regularly (per cent of total number of employees within the corresponding group) 2017–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU020
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024i). DLU010. Use of Internet and web sites in enterprises (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2009–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU010
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024j). DLU070. Use of website function in enterprises (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2013–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU070
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024k). DLU081. Use of business softwares (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU081
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024l). DLU050. Use of social media in enterprises (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2013–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU050
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024m). EPM020. Cloud computing services purchased by enterprise (enterprises buying cloud computing services as per cent of the total number of enterprises in the corresponding group) 2014–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPM020
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024n). EPM010. Enterprises using cloud computing services (as per cent of the total number of enterprises in the corresponding group) 2014–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPM010
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024o). DLU120. Internet use in enterprises for interaction with public authorities (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2008–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU120
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024p). EPE050. ICT and environment (per cent of the total number of enterprises in the corresponding group) 2022. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPE050
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024r). EPD050. Enterprises that provide employees with information on ICT security requirements (per cent of total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2019–2022. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/EPD050
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024s). DLU140. Use of Internet of Things in enterprises (per cent of enterprises using Internet of Things) 2020–202. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU140
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024t). DLU130. Enterprises that analyzed big data (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2017–2019. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__DLU/DLU130
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024u). EKU050. Countries of origin of clients, from which enterprises received orders, using internet homepage or apps 2012–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__EKU/EKU050
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024v). EKU040. Internet sales of goods and services broken down by the type of website (per cent of total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2016–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__EKU/EKU040
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024w). EKU030. Sales of goods and services breakdown by customer type (per cent of total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2015–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__EKU/EKU030
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024x). EKU020. Enterprises which have sold goods or services via internet or other computer networks 2008–2023. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__EKU/EKU020
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024y). EKU060. Enterprises that issued/sent electronic or paper invoices (per cent of the total number of enterprises within the corresponding group) 2014–2022. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__IKT__DL__EKU/EKU060
Search via ReFindit
Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. (2024z). IKP010. Total gross domestic product, per capita and per person employed 1995–2024. Official Statistics of Latvia. https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__VEK__IK__IKP/IKP010
Search via ReFindit
Čižo, E., Bogdanova, N., Mietule, I., Kokarevica, A., & Kudins, J. (2024). Inequality among residents and enterprises in the Latvian online market of digital marketing, Baltic Region, 16(3), 136–162. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-7
Search via ReFindit
Cockburn, I.M., Henderson, R., & Stern, S. (2018). The impact of artificial intelligence on innovation: An exploratory analysis. The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 115–146. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c14006/c14006.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Davis, F.D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results. Ph.D. Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management. . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35465050
Search via ReFindit
Davis, F.D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Search via ReFindit
Fitri, D., Ratnasari, S.L.., Suyanto, & Sultan, Z. (2023). Enhancing employee productivity through technology system AI-based approaches. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Business Economics Social Science and Technology (ISBEST), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.33830/isbest.v3i1.1236
Search via ReFindit
Gao, X., & Feng, H. (2023). AI-driven productivity gains: Artificial intelligence and firm productivity. Sustainability, 15(11), 8934. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118934
Search via ReFindit
Geels, F.W. (2022). Causality and explanation in socio-technical transitions research: Mobilizing epistemological insights from the wider social sciences. Research Policy, 51(6), 104537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104537
Search via ReFindit
Gershman, S.J., & Ullman, T.D. (2023). Causal implicatures from correlational statements. PLoS One, 18(5), 0286067. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286067
Search via ReFindit
Graetz, G., & Michaels, G. (2018). Robots at work. Review of Economics and Statistics, 100, 753–768. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00754
Search via ReFindit
Han, W., Zhu, W., Song, Zh., & Lu, R. (2025). Innovative resources driven artificial intelligence orientation: The moderating role of environmental and executives’ characteristics. Technology in Society, 81, 102837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.102837
Search via ReFindit
Hussain, H.I., Haseeb, M., Tvaronaviciene, M., Mihardjo, L.W.W., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2024). Correction: Hussain et al. The causal connection of natural resources and globalization with energy consumption in top Asian countries: evidence from a nonparametric Causality-in-Quantile approach. Energies 2020, 13, 2273. Energies, 17, 2922. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122922
Search via ReFindit
Isaza, L., & Cepa, K. (2024). Automation and augmentation: A process study of how robotization shapes tasks of operational employees. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2024.11.010
Search via ReFindit
Komarova, V., Mietule, I., Arbidane, I., Tumalavičius, V., & Kokarevica, A. (2022). Resources and capital of different social classes in modern Latvia. Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, 9(3), 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i3.861
Search via ReFindit
Korkmaz, S., & Korkmaz, O. (2024). The relationship between labor productivity and economic growth in OECD countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(5), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n5p
Search via ReFindit
Korshenkov, E., & Ignatyev, S. (2020). Empirical interpretation and measurement of the productivity and efficiency of regions: The case of Latvia. Insights into Regional Development, 2(2), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.9770/IRD.2020.2.2(4)
Search via ReFindit
Krugman, P. (1991a). Geography and Trade. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
Search via ReFindit
Krugman, P. (1991b). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483-499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
Search via ReFindit
Krugman, P. (1997), The Age of Diminished Expectations. U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s. 3rd edition. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press.
Search via ReFindit
Little, D. (2023). Causation in the social realm. Damonte, A., & Negri, F. (Eds) Causality in Policy Studies. Texts in Quantitative Political Analysis. Springer, Cham, 11–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12982-7_2
Search via ReFindit
Ma, Q., & Liu, L. (2004). The Technology Acceptance Model. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 16(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2004010104
Search via ReFindit
Maheshwari, M. (2016). Productivity: A conceptual framework. PARIPEX – Indian Journal of Research, 5(10), 256–258. https://www.worldwidejournals.com/paripex/fileview/productivity-a-conceptual-framework_October_2016_6940945109_0307994.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Majeed, N., Mukhtar, M.A., & Ehsan, M.I. (2023). Theoretical and conceptual frameworks in social sciences and law: Meaning, functions and differences. Pakistan Journal of Social Research, 5(1), 147–156. https://pjsr.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/18.-Vol.-5-No.-1-March-2023-Majeed-Mukhtar-Ehsan-Theoretical-and-Conceptual-Frameworks-in-Social-Sciences-and-Law.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming Artificial Intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, 90, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006
Search via ReFindit
Mohammed, A., & Ahmad, S. A. (2025). Development of AI in the Caribbean: algorithms, challenges and recommendations. Insights into Regional Development, 7(1), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.70132/w9385223236
Search via ReFindit
Mura, L, Ključnikov, A, Tvaronavičienė, M, & Androniceanu, A. (2017). Development trends in human resource management in small and medium enterprises in the Visegrad Group. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 14(7), 105–122. https://acta.uni-obuda.hu/Mura_Kljucnikov_Tvaronaviciene_Androniceanu_78.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Necula, S. C., Fotache, D., & Rieder, E. (2024). Assessing the impact of artificial intelligence tools on employee productivity: Insights from a comprehensive survey analysis. Electronics, 13(18), 3758. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183758
Search via ReFindit
Ngulube, P., Mathipa, E.R., & Gumbo, M.T. (2015). Theoretical and conceptual framework in the social sciences. Mathipa, E.R., & Gumbo, M.T. (Eds.) Addressing Research Challenges: Making Headway in Developing researchers. Noordywk: Mosala-MASEDI Publishers & Booksellers, 43–66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278961764
Search via ReFindit
Nolan, A. (2020). Digital technology and advanced production. The Digitalisation of Science, Technology and Innovation: Key Developments and Policies. Paris: OECD Publishing, 119–142.
Search via ReFindit
Paudel, R. (2024). The impact of automation and artificial intelligence on leadership and the workforce. Indonesian Journal of Banking and Financial Technology, 2(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/10.55927/fintech.v2i2.8904
Search via ReFindit
Przegalinska, A., Triantoro, T., Kovbasiuk, A., Ciechanowski, L., Freeman, R.B., & Sowa, K. (2025). Collaborative AI in the workplace: Enhancing organizational performance through resource-based and task-technology fit perspectives, International Journal of Information Management, 81, 102853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102853
Search via ReFindit
Rammer, C., Fernández, G.P., & Czarnitzki, D. (2022). Artificial intelligence and industrial innovation: Evidence from German firm-level data. Research Policy, 51, 104555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104555
Search via ReFindit
Sala-i-Martín, X., Baller, S., Crotti, R., Di Battista, A., Drzeniek, M., Geiger, T., Gomez, G., & Marti, G. (2016). Competitiveness agendas to reignite growth: findings from the Global Competitiveness Index. Schwab, K. (Ed.) The Global Competitiveness Report 2016–2017. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 3–50. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2016-2017/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2016-2017
Search via ReFindit
Shamim, M.I. (2024). Artificial intelligence in project management: enhancing efficiency and decision-making. International Journal of Management Information Systems and Data Science, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.62304/ijmisds.v1i1.107
Search via ReFindit
Spencer, D. (2017). Work in and beyond the Second Machine Age: The politics of production and digital technologies. Work, Employment and Society, 31(1), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016645716
Search via ReFindit
Syverson, C. (2011). What determines productivity? Journal of Economic Literature, 49, 326–365. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.49.2.326
Search via ReFindit
Tugui, A., Jeflea, F-V., Opariuc, C., Filipeanu, D., & Agheorghiesei, D-T. (2022). Societal Transformations in Romanian Society: Humanity’s Interaction with Artificial Intelligence towards the Technological Singularity. Transformations in Business & Economics, Vol. 21, No 2A (56A), pp.435-461.
Search via ReFindit
van der Waldt, G. (2020). Constructing conceptual frameworks in social science research. Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 16(1). https://td-sa.net/index.php/td/article/view/758/1186
Search via ReFindit
van Dijk, J. (2006). Digital divide research, achievements and shortcomings. Poetics, 34, 4–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2006.05.004
Search via ReFindit
van Dijk, J. (2017). Digital divide: impact of access. Rössler, P., Hoffner, C., & van Zoonen, L. (Eds.) The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. John Wiley and Sons, 24–49. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0043
Search via ReFindit
Walker, G.H., Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P.M., & Jenkins, D.P. (2008). A review of sociotechnical systems theory: A classic concept for new command and control paradigms. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 9(6), 479-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/14639220701635470
Search via ReFindit
Yousaf, M. (2023). Labour productivity and firm performance: evidence from certified firms from the EFQM excellence model. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 34(3), 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2022.2054319
Search via ReFindit
Zeibote, Z. (2018). Klasteri kā reģionālo politiku un konkurētspēju iietekmējošs faktors. Promocijas darbs. Rīga: Baltijas Starptautiskā akadēmija. (In Latvian)
Search via ReFindit
Zirar, A., Ali S.I., & Islam N. (2023). Worker and workplace artificial intelligence (AI) coexistence: Emerging themes and research agenda. Technovation, 124, 102747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102747
Search via ReFindit