Received:
2024-07-11 | Accepted:
2024-11-05 | Published:
2024-12-30
Title
Attention as a commodity in the world of disinformation and social media
Abstract
The dynamic development of information and communication technologies, systems and devices, the emergence of new digital media and platforms, as well as the increasingly widespread use of social networks, on the one hand, increase the availability of information and expand the possibilities of searching, receiving, creating, modifying and sharing it, on the other hand, in a significant way increase the risk of spreading misleading, altered, distorted, deceptive and/or invented information, for example, in the form of disinformation. Given the fact that current business models and the ecosystem of advertising technology allow advertising to be tailored based on already known preferences and previous interactions of users, based on their profile, interests, activities, content they interact with, and even their interpersonal relationships, media, platform, social networks and advertisers try – to achieve the best possible economic results – to attract the sustainable attention of their users. Unfortunately, in many cases, it is also through the spread of disinformation. In this context, the authors, using relevant methods of scientific research, focused on attention as a commodity and the functioning of the attention economy in the context of the increasing extent of the spread of various disinformation (but also hoaxes and conspiracy theories) primarily through social networks, their susceptibility to the spread of unwanted content and efforts to regulate the spread of such content.
Keywords
attention, commodity, economy of attention, disinformation, social media, social networks
JEL classifications
F52
, F59
, H56
, H59
, K22
URI
http://jssidoi.org/jesi/article/1254
DOI
Pages
176-192
Funding
This work was supported by the Agency for the Support of Research and Development based on Contract no. APVV-20-0334.
This is an open access issue and all published articles are licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
References
Bond S. (2023). How documentary-style films turn conspiracy theories into a call to action. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/11/03/1133686674/how-documentary-style-films-turn-conspiracy-theories-into-a-call-to-action
Search via ReFindit
Braun, J. A. & Eklund, J. L. (2019). Fake news, real money: ad tech platforms, profit-driven hoaxes, and the business of journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314
Search via ReFindit
Brynjolfsson, E. & Oh, J. (2012). The Attention Economy: Measuring the Value of Free Digital Services on the Internet. Orlando: International Conference on Information Systems, 2012. Conference Proceedings, part 9 – Economics and Value of Information Systems, pp. 1-19. ISBN 978-0-615-71843-9. https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2012/proceedings/EconomicsValue/9
Search via ReFindit
Butcher, P. & Neidhardt A. H. (2016). Fear and lying in the EU: Fighting disinformation on migration with alternative narratives. Brussels: European Policy Center. https://www.epc.eu/content/PDF/2020/Disinformation_on_Migration.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Collins Dictionary. (2024). Attention Economy. Collins Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/attention-economy
Search via ReFindit
Confessore, N. (2018). Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html
Search via ReFindit
Davenport, T. H. & Beck, J. C. (2001). The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business. Boston: Harvard Business Press, 255p. ISBN 978-1-578-51871-5.
Search via ReFindit
Dholakia, N., Ozgun, A. & Atik, D. (2023). The miasma of misinformation: a social analysis of media, markets, and manipulation. Consumption Markets & Culture, (26)3, 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2022.2149508
Search via ReFindit
Diaz Ruiz, C. (2023). Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach. New Media & Society, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231207644
Search via ReFindit
Dušek, J., & Kavan, Š. (2024). Dezinformace jako součást hybridních hrozeb – česko-slovenský pohled. Auspicia, 21(1), 7-25. ISSN 2464-7217. https://vsers.cz/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Auspicia_1_2024.pdf#page=7
Search via ReFindit
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J. et al. (2021). Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59, 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168
Search via ReFindit
European Commission. (2018). Action Plan against Disinformation. European Commission. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/action_plan_against_disinformation.pdf
Search via ReFindit
European Commission. (2022). The 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation. European Commission. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/code-practice-disinformation
Search via ReFindit
European Commission. (2024). EU citizenship: Rights and Opportunities. Publications Office of the European Union. 24 p. ISBN 978-92-68-10211-4. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/c0441a72-c5c0-40d0-900f-c8af7d9b1a04_en?filename=Guide%20to%20EU_citizenship_EN_0.pdf
Search via ReFindit
European Parliament. (2015). Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services. In Eur-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32015L1535
Search via ReFindit
European Parliament. (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act). Eur-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R1925
Search via ReFindit
European Parliament. (2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act). Eur-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R2065
Search via ReFindit
European Union. (2016). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12016P%2FTXT
Search via ReFindit
European Union. (2021). Protecting election integrity and promoting democratic participation. Eur-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0730
Search via ReFindit
Fallis, D. (2009). A conceptual analysis of disinformation. IConference 2009 Proceedings, pp. 1-8. ISBN 978-1-60558-626-7. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/15210
Search via ReFindit
Fallis, D. (2014). A functional analysis of disinformation. IConference 2014 Proceedings, pp. 621-627. ISBN 978-0-9884900-1-7. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/47269
Search via ReFindit
Frislich, L., Eldridge, S. A., Figenschou, T. U., Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, K. A., Holt, C. & Cushion, S. (2023). Contesting the Mainstream: Towards an Audience-Centered Agenda of Alternative News Research. Digital Journalism, 11(5), 727-740. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2214791
Search via ReFindit
GDI. (2019). The Quarter Billion Dollar Question: How is Disinformation Gaming Ad Tech? Global Disinformation Index. https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2019-9-1-the-quarter-billion-dollar-question-how-is-disinformation-gaming-ad-tech/
Search via ReFindit
GDI. (2020). Why is ad tech giving millions to EU disinformation sites? Global Disinformation Index. https://disinformationindex.org/2020/03/why-is-ad-tech-giving-millions-to-eu-disinformation-sites/
Search via ReFindit
GDI. (2022). Measuring Disinformation Risk on TV News Programming: A Demonstration Study of Three U.S. Networks. Global Disinformation Index. https://www.disinformationindex.org/research/2022-10-06-measuring-disinformation-risk-on-tv-news-programming-a-demonstration-study-of-three-u-s-networks/
Search via ReFindit
Hajdúková, T. (2023). Techniques for Manipulating Public Opinion in the Online Space During an Election Campaign as a Hybrid Threat. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 13(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2024-0002
Search via ReFindit
Happer, C. & Philo, G. (2013). The Role of the Media in the Construction of Public Belief and Social Change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96
Search via ReFindit
Harper, M., Silva, M., Kaplan, S. & Simmons, S. (2021). Media and Narrative: Managing Conflict in Polarised Societies. Institute for Integrated Transitions. https://ifit-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Media-and-Narrative-Managing-Conflict-in-Polarised-Societies.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Hendricks, V. F. & Vestergaard, M. (2019). Markets of Attention, Misinformation and Manipulation. Cham: Springer, 2019. 144 p. ISBN 978-3-030-00813-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00813-0
Search via ReFindit
Hyland, K. (2023). Academic publishing and the attention economy. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 64, 101253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2023.101253
Search via ReFindit
ICNL. (2022). Legal Responses to Disinformation. International center for not-for-profit law. https://www.icnl.org/wp-content/uploads/2021.03-Disinformation-Policy-Prospectus-final.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Juhász, A., & Szicherle P. (2017). The political effects of migration-related fake news, disinformation and conspiracy theories in Europe. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Büro/Political Capital. https://politicalcapital.hu/pc-admin/source/documents/FES_PC_FakeNewsMigrationStudy_EN_20170607.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Karlova, N. A. & Fisher, K. E. (2013). A social diffusion model of misinformation and disinformation for understanding human information behaviour. Information Research, 18(1), paper 573. ISSN 1368-1613. https://informationr.net/ir/18-1/paper573.html
Search via ReFindit
Konšpirátori. (2024). Reasons behind creating this initiative. Konšpirátori.sk. https://konspiratori.sk/en
Search via ReFindit
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U., Albarracín, D. & Kendeou, P. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. University of Nebraska. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247&context=scholcom
Search via ReFindit
Liu, F., Zhou, Y. & Hu, Y. (2024). An attention-based approach for assessing the effectiveness of emotion-evoking in immersive environment. Heliyon, 10(3), e25017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25017
Search via ReFindit
McCANN, M. (2024). What is the attention economy – and why is it such a problem? Raidió Teilifís Éireann / Dublin City University. https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0403/1441388-what-is-the-attention-economy-social-media-addiction/
Search via ReFindit
Molina, M. D., Sundar, S. S., Le, T., & Lee, D. (2021). Media and Narrative: Managing Conflict in Polarised Societies. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 180-2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878224
Search via ReFindit
NIC. (2021). Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections. National Intelligence Council. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf
Search via ReFindit
Nixon, B. (2020). The business of news in the attention economy: Audience labor and MediaNews Group's efforts to capitalise on news consumption. Journalism, 21(1), 73-94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917719145
Search via ReFindit
OECD. (2022). Good Practice Principles for Public Communication Responses to Mis- and Disinformation. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development – Public Governance Policy Papers, No. 30, 44 s. ISSN 2707-9171. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/6d141b44-en.pdf?expires=1718099064&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=A6F128F8F0E65E09123A7CBA2FA1826C
Search via ReFindit
Politics Dictionary. (2024). Attention Economy. Politics Dictionary. https://www.dictionary.com/e/politics/attention-economy/
Search via ReFindit
Ryan, C. D., Schaul, A. J., Butner, R. & Swarthout, J. T. (2020). Monetising disinformation in the attention economy: The case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). European Management Journal, 38(1), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.11.002
Search via ReFindit
Schleffer, G., & Miller, B. (2021). The Political Effects of Social Media Platforms on Different Regime Types. Texas National Security Review, 4(3), 78-103. http://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/13987
Search via ReFindit
Simon, H. A. (1971). Designing organisations for an information-rich world. In Greenberger M (ed.): Computers, Communications, and the Public Interest. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1971, pp. 38-52. ISBN 978-0-801-81135-7.
Search via ReFindit
Soprano, M., Roitero, K., La Barbera, D., Ceolin, D., Spina, D., Demartini, G., & Mizzaro, S. (2024). Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review. Information Processing & Management, 61(3), article 103672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672
Search via ReFindit
Statista. (2024). Digital advertising spending worldwide from 2021 to 2027. Statista.com. https://www.statista.com/statistics/237974/online-advertising-spending-worldwide/
Search via ReFindit
U.S. Department of Justice. (2019). Report On the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election. United States Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/storage/report_volume2.pdf
Search via ReFindit
VFA. (2022). GARM Brand Safety Floor + Suitability Framework. The World Federation of Advertisers. https://wfanet.org/knowledge/item/2022/06/17/GARM-Brand-Safety-Floor--Suitability-Framework-3
Search via ReFindit
VFA. (2022). GARM Brand Safety Floor + Suitability Framework. World Federation of Advertisers. https://wfanet.org/knowledge/item/2022/06/17/GARM-Brand-Safety-Floor--Suitability-Framework-3
Search via ReFindit
Wajeeha, A., Sen, A., Eesley, C., & Brynjolfsson, E. (2024). The Role of Advertisers and Platforms in Monetizing Misinformation: Descriptive and Experimental Evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w32187
Search via ReFindit
WEF. (2022). The four key ways disinformation is spread online. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/08/four-ways-disinformation-campaigns-are-propagated-online/
Search via ReFindit
World Bank. (2024). Digital Economy Framework. Digital Economy Foundations – 6 Pillars. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/de4lac/digital-economy-framework
Search via ReFindit
Yuting, X., Megat, A., Alsagoff, S. A. & Lay, H. A. (2020). The Role of Media in Consumption under "Attention Economies". Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 12(6), 1-10. ISSN 0975-2935. http://rupkatha.com/V12/n6/v12n619.pdf
Search via ReFindit