DIGITAL PLATFORMS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TOURISM SECTOR

. The current level and abilities of digital platforms are developing new practices of connections, communication, comprising the tourism sector in its different declinations. In its different declinations, the common model is the digitalization of tourism. The article proposals, analyses of the digital platform models related to the tourism sector. The digital platforms can characterize the new sector’ phase. Despite this, the sector highlight deeply differences in terms of analysis and knowledge both at theoretical and operative level. The present study of a systematic literature review supported by multiple correspondence analysis highlight three different trajectories related to digital tourism platforms. The paper to provide a better understanding of platform competition research that contributes to our understanding of how platforms compete to produce and capture value in the tourist sector


Introduction
The tourism sector has been brutally affected by COVID-19 and the sector are leaving a negative both economic and social performance.Tourism businesses and workers are struggling against the economic crisis caused by the pandemic while many governments are applying specific measures for tourism.These measures are essential, but its positive effects will be in the long run time, in fact, the tourism sector, faces an economic crisis never known before.The decisions and actions are supported by digital platforms.It is interesting to note that in relation to accommodation, the peer-to-peer solution is a strategic pattern to support the sector.It is strategic for the tourism sector, invest in information management and to create a business value (Messeni et al 2020) of big data analytics, supported by digital global platforms.At this stage of organizational life is strategic to learn how to implement ICT.Tourism is a high-budget factor for the European States (European Commission, 2021).
The importance of the digitalization in tourism sector has underlined as part of the enactment of the digital economy program by European Commission and single States.The interaction between supply and demand using the digital platform, may contribute to create a renewed desire to travel.In order to evaluate the digital platforms the sector will be divided into three macro areas, see figure 1. Providers' area, allotment of duties area, consumer goods area, is useful for collecting the systematic literature review and understanding the trajectories first within the individual macro-areas and then, if they converge.

Theoretical background
The Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is well -known for other types of literature review primarily by a comprehensive literature search and specification of research questions that should be addressed (Keele, 2007).The SLR supported by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in order to estimate the strategic categories emerging from SLR and related to a specific area.The SLR, referring to the tourism sector, is significant in this phase to contribute both to theory and to operators in terms of knowledge and future decisions (Marino et al 2021).The digital tourist platforms are changing the perception of sector.The wide possibility to extend use and manage of ICT in the tourism sector underline the importance of artificial intelligence and robotics that are changing organizational routine (Marino et al 2021a), typologies of consumption, production and service delivery (Marino et al 2021c), management of tourism destinations.Following this research steam, the relationship between digital platforms and entrepreneurship considered strategic to improve technological and organizational variables (Nassar et al, 2021).
Furthermore, from other conceptual research emerged that to implement digital platforms in the sector, requires working in alignment, coordination, and co-creation.Implementing digital platform governance means to change the information system at all three-macro areas of the tourism sector as displays in figure 1. ICTs (Marino et al 2021b), transforms this wave of research, shifting attention in this sector to the use of digital platforms, their sharing and related elements of competition, both globally and within the same region with a high tourist vocation.The macro areas proposed in Figure 1 are still present to the attention of theoretical and operational studies concerning the tourism sector in terms of ICT tools and its declinations.This approach it is useful for accumulating knowledge in the context of the implementation of digital technologies within organizations.In order to develop the study, the methodology will help select and process the collected data.

Methodology
A SLR is a specific type of literature reviews characterized by: • A specification of research questions that should be addressed; • A comprehensive and unbiased search for the relevant literature; • An explicit definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria; We conducted our SLR in several stages: • Formulating the research questions • Extracting and filtering papers • Defining evaluation and comparison criteria • Presenting and discussing the obtained results The remainder of this section describes the details of each stage

Formulating the research questions
The specification of research questions (RQs) is the most important part of any SLR as they guide authors throughout the review process.

Formulating the research questions
The extraction and filter of papers supported by multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) in order to create a conceptual structure map (Pagès, 2014).The software of the data analysis is the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0.The final search string structured as follows: Search string = ("Tourism" OR "Digital Platforms" AND "Applic*" OR "Delsol*" OR "Standa*" OR "Custom*" OR "System").We use several databases and search tools like Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, IEEE Digital Library.Our SLR targets all digital tourism platforms published over the time of December 2019 -February 2021 in journals, conference/workshop proceedings, and book chapters.For this, we filtered the obtained papers according to the following exclusion criteria: • Papers published before the considered period; • Papers that are not published in journals, conference/workshop proceedings, and book chapters such as master and doctoral theses; • Papers that do not propose a digital tourism platform in the three macro areas considered; • Papers written in a language other than English; • Papers that describe the same digital tourism platforms in the same way.
Filtering has greatly reduced the number of papers.In fact, after the paper collection, we obtained 193 papers.However, we have kept the papers that propose a digital tourism platform, whether it is a primary or secondary contribution.Accordingly, a set of 137 papers (Annex) retained for an in-depth examination in our SLR.Figure 2, displays the main steps of paper extraction and filtering process.

Defining evaluation and comparison criteria
In order to evaluate and compare the digital tourism platforms, we have defined the following criteria: • Publication type: journal, conference/workshop proceeding, book chapter.
• Aim: indicates the reason for which the topic was proposed or the problem that it solves.
• Category: we defined two categories.The first is a particular domain of tourism: providers, allotment of duties, consumer goods.The second that aims to improve the performance: e.g., cost, security, compliance, quality.The extensions of the second category are independent of a specific domain but used in any domain.• Digital platforms related to software: specifies the version of the software.
• Digital tourism platform name: indicates whether a name assigned to the proposed solution.
• Main domain: Designates the main domain targeted by a platform knowing.
• Demonstration: indicates whether a platform demonstrated through an operational example.

Databases
Exclusion of paper published before • Digital platform modality: mentions whether technologies has been implemented either by integrating it into an existing tool or by developing a new tool.• Evaluation: specifies for each tool whether evaluated and which method used for the evaluation.
• Conformity: determines whether a platform complies with the ISO standard.
We define for each digital tourism platform the publication type ('J' for the journal, 'C' for conference or workshop and 'Ch' for chapter), the main purpose of the platform as well as the category ('Imp' 'for improvement and 'SD' for specificdomain).

Results
It is possible to note, that the majority of 137 publications type is in Journals, 120 (Table 1).We can explain this by the fact that tourism: providers, allotment of duties, consumer goods and digital platforms are consistent enough in terms of operative and theory contribution submitted to journals (Tables 2;3).In line with this, the distribution by category balanced between improvement and specific domain.Furthermore, tourism and digital platforms compared according to their name, main domain, demonstration, implementation, and evaluation.It is interesting to note that few documents 15/137 indicate the name of digital platforms, in terms of brand and tools.This is possible, considering the indirect advertising that can result.Furthermore, more than 50% of paper, have indicated domain.The domain relates to specific applications and big data communication.The papers that have indicate the domain also contain the demonstration, more than 50%.The digital platforms relate to the destination, while in a few papers there is not an evaluation approach.In addition, also in terms of theory and model, interesting information emerging related to both key factors: providers, allotment of duties, consumer goods, destination, and bottlenecks.The demonstration, implementation and evaluation, within destination are, also strictly linked to, SLR considered.These reasons highlight that all variables considered in functional properties in studies considered.The ICTs is among the most targeted areas (Marino et al., 2021).
In addition, digital platform is highly regulated by the private sector with a low level of standard e.g., ISO.However, 23/137, papers, make the comparison of digital tourism platform to their conformity and related it with ISO standard, recommendations, reused, customized, extend.It is possible to observe, that recommendation and customization are present only in 23 documents.Despite these difficulties, SLR helps to understand it: only 33/137 studied and with the results of individual works, they compared with those of other platform typologies.Furthermore all protocols use the recommended tools, although, case studies in different contexts are little explored and as a result, absentee comparisons.After to have elaborated the SLR, and extract the categories, is possible to match it with the support of the MCA analysis.The matching is related the three-macro areas considered.The

Discussion
The general consideration is related to different topics each to other linked, but only within the same area.There are not correspondences between the diversity of platforms used, the specificities of connected sites, and if there are or not, lack of systems integration that make difficult to adopt the platform.The absence in the literature of this comparison between the three areas makes it more difficult for researchers and operators to accumulate knowledge of the sector.There is also an economic point of view lack related to digital platforms and investment to sustain it.This lack is present in all three considered areas.The specific consideration is that in providers' area, the decision to use digital tourist platforms depends how platforms can affect customers' behavior.Model and technology is strictly linked to customers' behavior in provides area.The least studied categories between technology and performance are acceptance and adoption.The third, there is not a correspondence for trust and innovation.These two categories are weakness related to the others and among them.The least studied are the National Public Agency, as reported in Figure 1.Analyzing allotment of duties, in which no category exceeds zero for both axes, impactful displays the correspondence with system and in addition to missing there is a design.At the same time between impact and technology, there are no correspondences.The communication in allotment of duties has no correspondence with the other categories, may be interesting to study, how to improve the communication channels of digital platform development that meet information from customers and destinations.
This topic studied as a single category in this area.The tour organizers as reported in Figure 1, are the least studied.Analyzing consumer goods area with the highest number of categories on the lower right, displays four corners: quality, records, management and knowledge.
The relationship between them concern management that is sharing between records and knowledge.The correspondence analysis linked to consumer goods area displays also the highest number of categories without correspondences.The least studied is price competition and internet, that is the technical dimension, while, information technologies, and privacy have been studied but not always in relation to others categories.The framework, sector structure also but with more correspondences with knowledge.The categories least studied in this are the families.Starting from these assumptions may be interesting verify in providers' area, if these behaviors are reinforced by trust in the digital service.In SLR and related MCA this correspondence is not verified.Furthermore, if digital technology is convenient for the firms, and easy to use to the customers, should be affect trust topic.The trust is a strategic variable to create value in the tourism sector.Furthermore, research experiences related to the trust and digital economy can supported to develop of this topic in the tourism sector.In the area of allotment of duties, there is a contribution lack linked to the role of intermediaries.Furthermore, the overcome of this lack can contribute to the knowledge of this intermediate area that affected by the quality of service.The digital tourism platforms in this area can support a better data access, as well as accessibility, availability, and compatibility of destinations and its tools.Although most of the literature focuses on digital platforms by customers, tourist professionals may also be reluctant or favorable to its adoption.Can be interesting to develop this topic in allotment duty area.

Conclusion
The topic is part of a future research agenda as complex and inter sectorial systems of information and organization, can improve the firm performance, individuals and groups decisions within tourism sector.Following this research agenda, the studies should make more effort on the topic, by integrating it into a theory and model in order to prove its feasibility.Based on these indications, the topic has yet discussed and deepened, bringing to a synthesis the different experiences gained in the field by both operators and researchers.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Tourist sector Source: our elaboration on WTO 2020

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Process of paper extraction and filtering Source: our elaboration Figure 3, highlight related to three macro areas, the categories present in SLR analyzed.Starting from Figure 3 is possible to identify three clusters: i) providers' area (at the top left), ii) allotment of duties (on the lower left) iii) Consumer goods area (on the lower right).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.MCA analysis elaborating categories of SRL Source: our elaboration The RQs in our SLR formulated as follows: RQ1: What are the areas and goals targeted by digital tourism platforms these last years?RQ2: What are the formats used for the representation of digital tourism platforms?
RQ3: Do the proposed digital tourism platforms comply with the implementation mechanism specified by the UNWTO?RQ4: How is digital tourism platforms demonstrated and evaluated?

Table 1 .
Comparison of digital tourism platform and their publication type, aim, and category

Table 2 .
Comparison of digital tourism platform to their Authors, digital platform name, domain, demonstration, adoption, and evaluation

Table 3 .
Comparison of digital tourism platforms to their application in providers' area, allotment of duty and consumer goods are: standard, recommendations, reused, customized, extended