THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN SUPPORTING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS OF STUDENTS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial people and aspiration by equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises. The concept of entrepreneurial intention becomes an interesting question when analysing the efficiency of university education in EU countries. The main aim of this paper is to find out whether universities support entrepreneurial intentions toward sustainability by providing necessary knowledge and skills. The conclusions are based on the opinions of students collected by the surveys conducted at Polish, Czech, Hungarian and Slovak universities in 2018/2019. The general conclusion is that in all studied countries the support is expected by students, but it seems to be insufficient in the area of knowledge provided by the university. This research was supported by the project, which has received funding from the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and of Slovak Academy of Sciences with title “Assessment changes in the qualitative structure of international economic relations under the influence of Industry 4.0 with implications for the EU and Slovak economic policies”. Project registration number Reg. No. VEGA 1/0462/20. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES ISSN 2345-0282 (online) http://jssidoi.org/jesi/ 2020 Volume 8 Number 1 (September) http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.1(40) 574


Introduction
Entrepreneurship since ancient times was connected, whether in terms of economic or psychological aspects, with exploration and implementation of new forms of development and the change of social status by the active individuals, societies and nations. For this reason, the interest of the researcher's head to the people who decide to start their own business. The variety of questions revolves around their characteristics and reasons for such a decision, around the concept of entrepreneurial activities and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial intentions are the expectation of individuals to start a business (Bosma et al., 2012;Grancay et al., 2015). Individuals undertake entrepreneurship for two reasons: to exploit a potential opportunity or out of necessity (Beynon et al., 2016;Lemańska-Majdzik & Sipa, 2015). The expansion of entrepreneurial activities i.e. internationalization is about conducting activities beyond the borders of the home country, crossing regional borders and being represented in different sectors of the national economy (Mura, 2019). Entrepreneurial intent can be personally, socially or even culturally driven (Autio et al., 2001;Jašková, 2019). The researchers constantly try to identify the factors of its intensification and measure the effects of entrepreneurial intent in long term perspective. Many recent researches on the relation of personality characteristics and entrepreneurship focus on the role of personality in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions and resulting business performances (Hmieleski & Baron, 2009;Zhao et al., 2010). However, already in 1990, Baumol calls for formal institutions to channel entrepreneurial energy into more productive activities. One of the most important groups influencing the entrepreneurial intention and its transformation into formalized entrepreneurial activity (enterprise) are higher education institutions. There are research studies focused on the connection between the university's education and entrepreneurial intentions of their students from several perspectives (Autio et al., 2001;Zyminkowska et al., 2019, Papadaki). Some of them are focused on specific target group of students (Barba-Sánchez & Atienza-Sahuquillo, 2018). University graduates should represent the driving force of the local economy thanks to their acquired knowledge, skills and natural intelligence (Belás et al., 2017;Girdzijauskaite et al., 2019).
The importance of effective education creates a research gap in the need to make comparisons between education systems in different countries in order to identify and implement best practices. This is what's new in the article that makes comparisons in four countries from the V4 group. Main research problem developed in this article is focused on the students' perception of support that provides their universities in case of their entrepreneurial intention creation.

Theoretical Background
The need for entrepreneurial knowledge, skills and activity in all areas of life becomes more imperative, and education plays a crucial role in creating an entrepreneurial society and business culture. Organisations recognize the need for knowledge management on a strategic level and they use the appropriate tools (Bencsik et al., 2019). The number of educational programs in entrepreneurship at all levels of education continues to grow worldwide. Graduates of economic universities should be treated as the driving force of any economy due to the volume of their knowledge and natural intellect. Perspective future entrepreneurs belong to a group of people who, with their creativity and activity, are helping their countries to develop (Dvorsky et al., 2018). Entrepreneurship education should develop entrepreneurial people and aspiration by equipping individuals with the appropriate knowledge and skills to initiate and sustain enterprises (Kadir et al., 2012). Although these education programs vary by organizational structure, table of contents, methodology and educative techniques, all of them are created due to similar themes -stimulating the economic development of the environment in which they operate (Peterka et al., 2015). Reviews of the literature on enterprise and entrepreneurship education provide some evidence that these programs are successful in encouraging entrepreneurs to start businesses or improve the performance of businesses (Peterman & Kennedy, 2003).
Policymakers are also convinced that increased levels of sustainable entrepreneurship can be reached through education and especially entrepreneurship education. Sustainability behaviour can be predicted by intentions Entrepreneurship education has a positive influence on the development of the entrepreneurial spirit of young people, their intentions towards starting their own business, their employability and finally their role in society (Jakubiec, 2016). Therefore, a number of EU Member States have successfully introduced national strategies for entrepreneurship education or made entrepreneurial learning a mandatory part of school curriculabut more is needed. The important issue of students' entrepreneurship is their support. The practice showed, that the impact of entrepreneurial intervention according to Svabova et al. (2019) is rather short term in case of entrepreneurial sustainability. The European Commission's initiatives promoting entrepreneurship are summarized in an Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan, which is the newest version of several previous documents promoting entrepreneurship in EU. It aims to reignite Europe's entrepreneurial spirit through entrepreneurial education and training to support growth and business creation (European Commission, 2019;Ivanova et al., 2015).

Entrepreneurial Intentions
Entrepreneurial intention is a consolidated and rapidly developing area of research within the field of entrepreneurship, with a growing number of studies using entrepreneurial intentions as a significant theoretical framework (Fayolle & Liñán, 2014). The increasing interest in exploring the factors that build one's entrepreneurial intention is due to the fundamental role that entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activities play in fostering economic and social development (Jünger & Piskorzová, 2009;Bagheri & Pihie, 2014, Baubonienė et al., 2018. Policymakers believe that more entrepreneurship is required to reach a higher level of economic growth. Indeed, empirical research promotes positive linkages between entrepreneurial activity and economic outcomes such as innovation and economic growth (Štverková & Humlová, 2016;Pellešová, 2016, Horecký & Blažek, 2019, Fabus, 2015, Shuyan & Fabus, 2019. The literature does not provide a universally acceptable definition of the term "entrepreneurial intention". An intention can be defined as an anticipated outcome that guided by planned actions. In the entrepreneurship context, intention can be identified by the property needs to create a new venture in the business process, and as a predictor of the new reliable company (Kadir et al., 2012). Karabulut (2016) considers that entrepreneurial intention initiates entrepreneurial actions. Entrepreneurial intention shows the objective of an entity to choose entrepreneurship as a professional career. People who have entrepreneurial intentions plan to take calculated risks, gather required resources and create their venture. Hmieleski & Corbett (2006)  576 intentions can be defined as the intentions toward starting a business with high growth potential. According to Thompson (2009, 676), the individual entrepreneurial intent defined as follows "a self-acknowledged conviction by a person that they intend to set up a new business venture and consciously plan to do so at some point in the future".
Given the importance attributed nowadays to the entrepreneurial capacity as a source of competitive advantage and economic development in the world of globalization, research focused on the analysis of entrepreneurial intentions is becoming an ever more important. Wu & Wu (2008) distinguish two categories of aspects relevant to the study of entrepreneurial intention -individual and social. To become entrepreneurs, individuals must first become nascent entrepreneurs. The process that is the basis for the creation of entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour is of the utmost importance. As regards social aspects, the level of entrepreneurial intention reflects the economic potential and economic environment of the country (Kordos et al., 2016). Understanding the level of entrepreneurial intentions provides perceptions to researchers and policy-makers to predict future entrepreneurial potentials and entrepreneurship activities that can be used to achieve economic goals (Yıldırım et al., 2016).
Various theories and models were developed to elucidate the decision to establish a new business, each addressing different factors of intentional entrepreneurial activity. Some researchers ascribe the intention to become an entrepreneur to personal traits and cognitive abilities. While, other studies emphasize the role of factors such as education and training that motivate and prepare students for establishing a new venture (Krueger et al., 2000). Some studies are based on an integrated approach that examines both -internal (personal) and external (contextual and environmental) factors that influence one's decision to establish new venture and how interactions among these factors affect the decision (Yıldırım et al., 2016). Personality features have a direct influence on entrepreneurial intention. However, as can be seen in Figure 1, the positive impact of these traits on entrepreneurial intention can be enhanced through entrepreneurial education moreover.

Fig.1. The main factors of entrepreneurial intention
Source: own processing based on Remeikiene et al., 2013. In the theoretical background, there are numerous approaches to the study of entrepreneurial intentions and also efficiency (Kuncová et al., 2015). Fayolle & Liñán (2014) conducted a review of the literature and divided the most influential papers on entrepreneurial intentions, published in the years 2004 to 2013, into five main subareas of research. The first category includes papers studying the core entrepreneurial intention model (Hmieleski & Corbett, 2006;Thompson, 2009). These papers analyse the central elements of the model and solve theoretical of methodological issues affecting this model.
The second category encompasses papers focusing on the influence of personal characteristics, psychological variables, demographics or experience on entrepreneurial intention. As population ageing leads to great changes in the population structure, it is necessary for society to respond to this trend in several areas of social life (Grmanová, 2017). The impact of university studies on the formation of entrepreneurial intention is analysed by Wilson et al. (2007). They found entrepreneurship education have a greater impact on women´s self-efficacy and,  (2007), Guerrero et al. (2008). The third group of papers looks at the association between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intent of its participants. They are classified study by Fayolle et al. (2006), Souitaris et al. (2007), Pittaway & Cope (2007), etc. The role the context and institutions play in the configuration of entrepreneurial intentions is addressed by papers from the fourth category. Authors of these papers focus on the influence of regional, cultural, institutional environments on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions (De Pillis & Reardon, 2007;Engle et al., 2011). The fifth research area considers the entrepreneurial process and the intention-behaviour link. This area is represented by works of Nabi et al. (2006) and Kolvereid & Isaksen (2006). In addition to the five above-mentioned categories, Liñán & Fayolle (2015) identified the sixth category, which includes several new research papers that cannot be classified into the five research areas. This last category represents "new research areas"social entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship and other.
Among the most important theoretical frameworks investigating student's entrepreneurial intentions can be included Ajzen´s theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and Shapero´s Entrepreneurial Event Model (SEE). TPB is a general model to explain individual behaviour. Ajzen argues that intentions in general depend on perceptions of personal attractiveness, social norms and feasibility (Ajzen, 1991;Ajzen et al., 2009). Experts maintain the theory is appropriate to explain entrepreneurial intention as a conscious and intentional behaviour that can be enhanced by education and training (Krueger et al., 2000). According to the theory, intention to become an entrepreneur is the consequence of dynamic relations between approach toward entrepreneurship (awareness of the importance and positive or negative value of the new venture creation and its consequences), control over entrepreneurial behaviour (perceived competencies to carry out the tasks and roles of an entrepreneur and persistence in the face of problems) and subjective and social norms (Bagheri & Pihie, 2014). According to the SEE model person´s intent to start a business is influenced by perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and propensity to act (Shapero & Sokol, 1982). These factors are presented as direct antecedents to entrepreneurial intentions.

The Role of the University Education in Enhancing of Entrepreneurial Intentions
In today's competitive world entrepreneurship is one of the main concerns of various institutions and organizations including universities around the world (Yıldırım et al., 2016). One reason for the increasing interest in entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education is the positive impact of entrepreneurship on sustainable economic growth. Entrepreneurship education can be one way to increase the prevalence rate of entrepreneurs and, thereby, stimulate economic growth, job creation, sources of innovation and productivity. This led to the fact that many countries decided to invest in an entrepreneurship-friendly institutional infrastructure in general and entrepreneurship education in particular (Walter & Block, 2016).
Ambad & Damid (2016) stated that university education plays an important role in promoting entrepreneurship as a career choice by providing necessary exposure through knowledge about entrepreneurship. There are more universities offering courses on entrepreneurship in order to provide and prepare students with the necessary theoretical and practical knowledge. Besides, the courses are considered to be the best channel to create awareness in students to apply their skills and knowledge as potential entrepreneurs (Mat et al., 2015).
The literature identifies several advantages of entrepreneurship education. Walter & Block (2016) argue that the existence of entrepreneurship education can indicate the desirability of entrepreneurship and therefore sensitize students to entrepreneurial careers. Entrepreneurship education effects students' carrier choice and improves a student's vision to start their own business with innovation (Wilson et al., 2007;Küttim et al., 2014). Peterman & Kennedy (2003) discovered that participation in an entrepreneurship program significantly increased the perceived feasibility of starting a business, which implies that entrepreneurial education can increase entrepreneurial intention. Individuals learn to more effectively or rapidly bring business ideas to market than others, or feel more capable of doing so. In Rauch & Hulsink (2015) opinion students participating in entrepreneurship education show an increase in attitudes and perceived behavioural control and they have developed entrepreneurial intentions. They stated that entrepreneurial intentions mediate the effect of entrepreneurship education on subsequent behaviour accompanying with the creation of new business activities.
In theory, may be found a few studies suggest even negative, discouraging effects of entrepreneurship education. Oosterbeek et al. (2010) argue that it leads to students gaining a more realistic perspective on their entrepreneurial abilities, preferences and the requirements of successful entrepreneurial careers.

Research Description and Method
The main aim of the paper is to find out whether universities support entrepreneurial intentions by providing the necessary knowledge and skills towards sustainable entrepreneurship. The base for the scientific consideration in the article was the empirical research conducted by authors in Slovakia (SK), Poland (PL), Czech Republic (CR) and Hungary (HU) in 2018/2019, at managerial faculties. In addition, the respondents were selected within Master studies as to ensure the quality of the research, which should be conducted among respondents with the proper knowledge on the topic and being on the stage of life when the transformation of entrepreneurial intention into entrepreneurial actions is possible. The sample selection for each country was calculated according to formula (1) from Cochran (1977). (1) Where: is the requested sample size, is the value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level), is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population. The level of was calculated using the share of master students of management faculties in the total number of such students in the country. For Slovakia =0.18, for Poland =0.13, for Czech Republic = 0.14 and for Hungary . is the desired level of precision (in our study ( ).
We found out that according official registers (Ministries of education and Statistical offices) in each country in 2018/2019, there were in master study programs: 30 087 students in Slovakia, from which 18% represented students at managerial faculties, 438 201 students in Poland, from which 13% represented students at managerial faculties, 49 085 students in Czech republic, from which 14% represented students at managerial faculties and 33 081 students in Hungary, from which 22% represented students at managerial faculties. According formula (1) we calculated the required minimum sample size for each country: in Slovakia (355), in Poland (272), in the Czech Republic (289) and Hungary (412). The next stage of the survey was the questionnaire form fulfilment by selected respondents in electronic or paper form. After the preliminary assessment of the obtained material, 1456 properly completed questionnaires were accepted, including 366 from Slovak universities, 290 from Polish universities, 322 from Czech universities and 478 from Hungarian universities. The structure of respondents according two categories (country and gender) presents table 1. To reach the main aim of this research, the statistical analysis of the obtained material was realised in the next step. We set out the following hypothesis for this research:

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
-H1A: There is a statistically significant difference in the consideration of students about starting own business after graduation in terms of country from which they come from. -H1B: There is a statistically significant difference in the consideration of students about starting own business after graduation in terms of gender. -H2A There is a statistically significant difference in the declaration of students about sufficiency of knowledge gained at university in terms of country from which they come from. -H2B There is a statistically significant difference in the declaration of students about sufficiency of knowledge gained at university in terms of gender. -H3A There is statistically significant difference among students' perception of professional skills provided by V4 universities that are sufficient and useful for own business running after graduation in terms of country from which they come from. -H3B There is statistically significant difference among students' perception of professional skills provided by V4 universities that are sufficient and useful for own business running after graduation in terms of gender. For the processing of obtained results, the statistical methods of Chi-square test (χ2 ) of homogeneity was used to see whether the students' decisions about starting their business and their expectations in respect to the university's support in setting up and running students' own business differ in observed countries. The stated hypotheses were tested on the significance level of p=0.05. If the calculated p-value was lower than the significance level, the stated hypotheses were accepted. The calculations were made through the software STATISTICA6.

Results of Research
The results of the research devoted to the students' perception of selected issues related to doing business after graduation within V4 countries are stated in this part of the paper. At the beginning, students declared if they consider own business after graduation (they could respond yes, no, or I don't know). The respondents' answers presents table 2. In Slovakia 48.09% of students declared, that they don't know if they start with own business after graduation. In Poland the most of the students declared that they start with business after graduation. Students in the Czech Republic (36.34%) and Hungary (50.42%) declared that they do not plan to start own business. To start with own business requires to fulfil and to know the specific conditions of the business environment in each country. In the evaluation of this question, we try to find out, if there are differences in the relative frequency of responses in students' answers due to the country from which they came from (H1A- Table 2). The results of the calculated pvalue (p=0.0000) are lower than the confidence level (p=0.05). It means that the H1A was accepted. There are statistically significant differences among answers of students from V4 universities. The hypothesis H1B (Table  2) was confirmed for Poland (p=0. 00002) and for Hungary (p=0.00000).
In the next step students expressed, if the level of gained knowledge at university were sufficient and useful for them in case of their own business running (Table 3). For expression, they used the 5-points Likert scale (1strongly disagree, 2 -disagree, 3 -neither agree nor disagree, 4-agree, 5-strongly agree). Analysing this aspect in four countries the significant differences can be seen ( Figure 2). In terms of providing knowledge, the education system in Hungary (mean 4.54) was rated the highest and the lowest in Poland (mean 3.30). In turn, the acquisition of knowledge at the universities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia -countries with a common tradition of building educational systems -was equally assessed. When analyzing the level of standard deviation, it should be stated that the highest diversity of answers was recorded among Polish respondents, and the lowest diversity among respondents from Slovakia. Knowledge gained at UNI

Source: own research
As Table 3 depicts, that the most students (490) in V4 countries neither agree nor disagree with the statement related to gained knowledge at university as sufficient and useful for the running of their own business. The most students who signed this statement were from Slovakia (49.73%). The statistical analysis with using Chi-square test (Table 3) confirmed hypothesis H2A (p=0.0000) and H2B for the Czech Republic (p=0.00010) and Hungary (p=0.000755).

Source: own research
The next analysed area concerns students' opinions about professional skills obtaining during the study (Table 4) and its sufficiency for students' future from the point of view of sustainable entrepreneurship. As a general consideration, it should be emphasized that the acquisition of skills by students during university education was rated higher than the acquisition of knowledge in all countries studied. The distribution of the average response was, however, analogous, i.e. the highest average was noticeded in Hungary (mean 3.82) and the lowest in Poland (mean 2.67), while in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the average response was similar. In the case of acquiring skills, the standard deviation in all countries was significantly higher than in the case of acquiring knowledge, which indicates a greater diversity of respondents' answers.
The results of the mean analysis of students' declaration, that the university provided the skills necessary for the starting of their business towards sustainability (Figure 3) showed, that the most of Hungarian students (39.49%) agree with this statement. The most students (39.49%) agree that professional skills gained at university will help them for running their business. This statement was confirmed by 17.45 of Hungarian students, 9.13% of Czech students and 8.79% of Slovak students. On the opposite side, the most of the Polish students disagree that their university provide the necessary skills for doing business.

Source: own research
The results of p-value of Chi square test (p=0.0000) presented in Table 4 showed, that there are differences among students' perception of gained skills among V4 countries. We confirmed H3A. In case of H3B evaluation, based on the results of p-value, we can confirm this hypothesis for Slovakia (p=0.01175), Czech Republic (0.01175) and Hungary (p=0.005593). In these cases we can observe differences among respondents' answers in term of gender.

Discussion and Conclusion
The role of the university in supporting the entrepreneurial intentions toward sustainable entrepreneurship of their students is widely described in economic and managerial literature. The efficient system of education can strengthen entrepreneurial attitudes and lead to their conversion into new ventures. There is a need to improve the administrative management system of the higher education (Yang et al., 2020) The literature emphasizes that human capital developed within a proper higher education may positively influence the number of entry into a new venture (Dheer & Lenartowicz, 2019). Entrepreneurship education could improve understanding and experience of young people increasing their self-efficacy level (Nguyen et al., 2019). It is pointed out that many universities are focused on entrepreneurship education to the university curriculum in order to encourage students to choose entrepreneurship as a viable career choice. Papadaki et al. (2017) emphasizes through their results, that 90% of the students in their research showed the highest interest of entrepreneurship. However, many studies proved that university students are not ready to take advantage of entrepreneurial opportunities and do not plan to start a business in the short term. This statement was explained by Iwu et al. (2019) who suggested that the motivating role of entrepreneurship education is visible as far as students perceived entrepreneurship education to be valuable. Edwards-Schachter et al. (2015) indicated that entrepreneurship education may not be sufficiently focused on raising soft skills like creativity. Esfandiar et al. (2019) pointed that educational programs fostering entrepreneurship should include active learning e.g. creative business thinking skills, teamwork, setting up a business, exercises to problem-solving as well as direct visits to prestigious business projects, and meetings with successful entrepreneurs. Fuller et al. (2018) emphasized that entrepreneurial education should be focused on developing creative self-efficacy and learning self-efficacy to increase entrepreneurial intentions. A current situation analysis confirms the need for development strategies and policy solutions towards education to increase entrepreneurship plans and actions among students and graduates (Neneh, 2019) through customized educational programs.
Sustainable education reflects the whole system perspectives, and it aims to achieve learning for change. Studying people usually complain of many theoretical concepts without obvious connections and practical applications. The general dissatisfaction with the quality of education can reduce the motivation of students to study (Snieska et al., 2020). It focuses on quality education that provides not only measurable learning outcomes and national standards, but also encourage lifelong learning and developing the knowledge, skills and competencies of ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES ISSN 2345-0282 (online) http://jssidoi.org/jesi/ 2020 Volume 8 Number 1 (September) http://doi.org/10. 9770/jesi.2020.8.1(40) individuals to strive to change (Didham and Ofei-Manu, 2020). As research of Berková et al. (2020) showed, although students have shown interest in doing business, they are not fully aware of the real situation in the area of taxes and accounting and other legislative processes. Sustainable education helps learners to examine and reflect upon their professional responsibilities, capabilities, and personal motivations (Mulà et al., 2017). When discussing how to improve the overall quality education including sustainable goals, four elements seem to be the most important: applying a well-developed curriculum, improving the quality of teaching methods, establishing a safe and effective learning environment, and inspiring cooperative and transformative learning (Didham and Ofei-Manu, 2020). Nowadays, critical challenges in ecology and aspirations of society brings the need to prepare leaders with a new set of skills, knowledge, attitude to make decisions and succeed in the process of shaping a future in sustainable world. Universities should enhance the capacity of individuals and organizations to gain knowledge and skills so that they can influence systems and participate in decision-making processes (Angeloni, 2020). To create new outcomes through the learning process, education system need to be transformed to disseminate new curricula, learning methods, research and outreach. Meanwhile, the pace at which universities and schools have fostered change seems to be slower than the pace at which the new challenges have threatened and warned global civilization (Assumpção and Neto, 2020).
Based on the conducted questionnaire research it can be concluded that in all studied countries the support in setting up and running own business is expected by students, especially in Hungary. Evaluating university support, students declare that the knowledge provided by the university is of limited sufficiency. It seems to be slightly better when professional skills were assessed. It could be concluded that teaching towards sustainable entrepreneurship should be improved in analyzed countries. And at the beginning of the improvement process, the basic question should be asked by university management: How could universities deal with the challenge of sustainable entrepreneurship in a systematically and strategically planned manner (Isenmann et al., 2020).
The main contribution of this paper to the knowledge from this area is the comparison of students' opinion from four countries, similar in economic development and historical changes in the economy.
The practical application of the study is visible in the possibility of improvement of the educational standards in the area of business and management education. It could be useful not only for economic faculties but for all kinds of studies to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to run their own business.