TOWARDS TO A SINGLE INNOVATION SPACE IN THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: A CASE STUDY

The article deals with the formation of a single innovation space in the agrarian sector of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union with the aim of rational use of their total scientific potential. The approaches to the formation of a common innovative space of the EU countries are considered. A distinctive feature of the modern stage of development of the innovation space in the agro-industrial sector of the Eurasian Economic Union is the intensification of cross-border cooperation of the participating countries. Models of interstate cooperation in the scientific and technical sphere were developed and a “panel of indicators” for the development of the market for scientific and technical products was proposed. Practical recommendations are given on innovation transfer in the agrarian sector of the economy of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. The economic effect will be manifested in increasing the volume and competitiveness of agricultural products, increasing the yield of agricultural producers, increasing the volume of innovative products and their share in the global agri-food market.


Introduction
Effective innovative development in the framework of integration requires a common focus and mutual coordination of the innovation activities of the countries participating in the integration association. The cooperative, synergistic effect of innovative development with integration is associated with the possibility of using various forms of interactionthe creation of common funds, pilot sites, the implementation of joint projects, clustering of organisations belonging to academic and non-academic sectors etc. (Asaliev et al., 2014 a,b;Tvaronavičienė, Razminienė, 2017;Ivanova et al., 2018).
The EU experience confirms that the common EU innovation space has common goals and principles of functioning within the framework of economic integration. At the same time, national innovation systems of European countries are considered separately from the common space and have their own characteristics (Asheim, Coenen, Moodysson, Vang, 2007).
There is no single model for the formation of the innovation space. It is specific for each country and is shaped by the national specifics of economic, industrial and regional development (Johnson and Hinton, 2019). For example, France implements in its innovative development the policy of "poles of competitiveness", i.e. the creation of specialized innovation clusters with state priority, which is not typical for developed industrial countries (Les labellisations des pôles depuis, 2005). In the UK, innovation centres are created to develop specific technologies and promote them to the market (for example, Printable Electronics Technology Centre, PETEC) or for a specific sector of the economy or market (Korableva and Kalimullina, 2014;Bentahar and O'Brien, 2019;Zavyalova, 2018;Puryaev, 2015;Mueller et al., 2019). Such centres are considered as strategic drivers of economic development at the regional level (Ministry of Economic Development of Russia. Reference on the International Experience of Innovative Development). The use of the results of scientific and technical activities and intellectual property in the agrarian sphere of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) serves as the basis for the production of competitive products in the agro-industrial complex of the Union countries, ensuring their food safety. The relevance of the study determines the need for the formation of a single innovative space, and, consequently, the market of agricultural scientific and technical products of the EAEU member states. In the course of studying the possibilities of forming a single innovation space in the Eurasian Economic Union, the authors used the following methods: abstract-logical, monographic, economic-statistical, balance, expert assessments.

Results
The "single innovative space" of the EAEU member states should be understood as the territory where a single complex of economic, innovation and legal events is held. This category should not be identified with an "innovation sphere"the area of activity of producers and consumers of innovative products (works, services), including the creation and distribution of innovations Korableva et al., 2018;Ladatko and Nechaev, 2005, р. 30  The authors support an approach towards formation of a single innovation space in the agrarian sector of the EAEU member states, which claims that success of such attempts directly depends on digitalizationreplacing analogue (physical) data collection and processing systems with technological systems that generate, transmit and process a digital signal about their condition (Lincaru et al., 2018;Pogodina et al.,  Digitalization will affect all existing markets, including markets for innovative products, since they will all have a networked nature, which will have a positive effect on the growth of labour productivity in the industry (Gamede and Uleanya, 2018;Kamolov et al., 2019;Hanfan and Setiawan, 2018;Polyakova et al., 2019). At the same time, one of the main distinguishing features of the current stage of development of the innovation space in the agro-industrial sector is the intensification of cross-border cooperation, by analogy with the European Union. As an example of such interaction, the creation of a cross-border cluster (Russia-Kazakhstan) on deep processing of grain, which the authors considered in the previous works, should be given Kolpak et al., 2017;Barmuta et al., 2017;Dzhavatov et al., 2018;Dunets et al., 2019).

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
ISSN 2345-0282 (online) http://jssidoi.org/jesi/ 2019 Volume 7 Number 1 (September) http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.1 (45) It is the effectiveness of their development, and not only in the border areas but also abroad, that will, in the future, determine the positions of the EAEU member states in the agrarian sector of the economy, not only in the domestic but also in the global agri-food markets. The result of this cross-border cooperation will be: the expansion of the sales market for agricultural products based on innovative technologies, the development of a competitive environment, the creation of new jobs, the growth of export revenues from the sale of competitive products in the domestic and foreign markets, and the inflow of investments in the agricultural sector (Ponomareva et al., 2019). The formation of a single innovation space in the agrarian sphere of the EAEU member states is hampered by a number of problems: -lack of supranational coordination of scientific, technical and innovation potentials, identifying the interests of the countries-partners for cooperation, identifying strategically possible technological spheres in them for the development of joint innovation projects; -the high cost of this process in the formation of the interstate space coordinating the potential of innovation systems of cooperation partners in the global scientific, technical and educational space; -imperfection (absence) of the model of integration relations in science, technology and financial policy, which makes it necessary to delegate part of the national authority to a supranational level (by analogy with the EU); -the continuing contradictions of the national interests of the EAEU Member States in the market for innovative products; -adverse global conjuncture in the agricultural market for scientific and technical products (price fluctuations, changes in demand, credit restrictions, the financial instability of all members of the Union); -lack of a system for training scientific personnel for interstate innovation cooperation, innovation infrastructure, entrepreneurship in the scientific and technical sphere, investment mechanisms and other development institutions.
At the same time, there is an objective expediency of forming a single innovative space in the agricultural sector of the EAEU member states in order to optimize the use of scientific and financial resources to ensure the sustainability of the market for scientific and technical products in order to stimulate mutually beneficial innovative development of national agro-industrial complexes of the Union countries. The functional model of the research and production interstate formation within the EAEU is presented in Figure 2. At the stage of development and use of the model, it is planned to create several functional blocks: -research and production coordination; -development of production and sales of finished innovative products based on network technologies; -production of high-quality agricultural products; -production of finished products based on innovative technologies (resource-saving and environmentally friendly); -development of market infrastructure for the sale of finished products in the markets of the EAEU and third countries. It should be noted that as of January 1, 2016, 65 joint ventures and more than 40 organizations with foreign capital operate in the agrarian sector of the EAEU member states. Their field of activity is focused on the production of potatoes, vegetables, livestock products, their processing, as well as the provision of various types of services (Research Report, 2017).
The mechanism of interaction of participants in interstate innovative entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector is presented in Figure 3. This mechanism is characterized by a complex interstate structure and consists of a set of models of innovative entrepreneurship, as well as two main blocksorganizational and economic. The main priorities of the organizational block of interaction of participants in interstate innovative entrepreneurship should include the creation of a supranational centre under the auspices of the Eurasian Economic Commission (hereinafter ECE) to coordinate innovative developments and introduce them into production (Darin and Telyakov, 2017;Telyakov et al., 2016), indicative planning and coordination of R & D, training innovative managers, creating information and consulting and marketing firms (Prodanova et al., 2019b;Sadriev & Mullakhmetov, 2016;Suratno, 2018;Takhumova et al., 2018;Zagrivnyi et al., 2019).
The economic block of interaction of participants in interstate innovative entrepreneurship in the agrarian sphere includes: interstate support based on the creation of a single financial fund to subsidize a part of interest rates on loans received for creating, acquiring and introducing innovations into the real economy of the EAEU member states; preferential taxation and insurance of risky (venture) innovations in the territory of a single innovative space; common approaches in pricing innovative products; leasing of scientific and technical equipment and other financial and economic methods and tools at the interstate level. The development of interstate cooperation to form a single innovative space in the agrarian sector of the economy of the EAEU member states should be carried out in stages, starting with the creation and development of institutions and mechanisms for expanding the market for scientific and technical products and unhindered movement of capital and technology (Osadchy, 2015;Goloshchapova et al., 2018;Prodanova et al., 2019a;Voronkova et al., 2019). To this end, a market infrastructure should be formed as a prioritya set of institutions and organizations, consulting and information and marketing firms that ensure the free movement of scientific, technical and innovative products in the agricultural market.
It is the effectiveness of their development, as well as the degree of participation of the EEC in creating a favourable business environment in the future, that will determine the position of the EAEU member states in the global market for scientific and technical products (Malarev et al., 2018). In this regard, it will be useful for the EAEU member states to use the experience of the development of integration processes in the European Union based on the use of interstate agreements for the implementation of joint innovation projects. At the present stage of development of a single innovative space of the EAEU member states, it is proposed to limit the creation of a number of intergovernmental non-governmental organizations, among which the International Agrarian Scientific Society of the Union countries and the International Association "Agro-Education" should be noted. The first type of organizations is created to prepare for the EEC recommendations for the development of the market for scientific, technical and innovative products; the second is designed to assist educational institutions in fulfilling the tasks of staffing and scientific support for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member states; maintain close ties with interstate and public organizations; study and distribute advanced foreign experience of the best educational, research and educational institutions; prepare innovative managers to work in the conditions of creating a single innovative space of the EAEU member states.
Particular attention should be paid to the development of practical methods of transferring innovations to the agro-industrial production of the Union countries on the basis of an agreed set of price (discounts, bonuses), financial (deferred payment, instalments for a long period, leasing), credit (subsidizing interest rates), technical (maintenance and repair in the regions of supply of equipment), as well as the use and improvement of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the promotion of advanced innovative developments in the agricultural sector of the Union economies.
The basis of the innovation space in the agrarian sector of the economy of the EAEU member states, along with the national innovation systems, is the market for scientific and technical products (STP), which should be understood as the totality of intellectual property objects, market agents, legal mechanisms, and information means by which the price level of the STP is formed and acts of sale are carried out. Currently, in the countries of the EAEU, the STP market is not developed and requires the direct and indirect influence of the state and intergovernmental authorities for its improvement proposed by the authors (Mikhailushkin et al., 2018;Ladatko and Nechaev, 2005;Nechaev, 2018;Yemelyanov et al., 2018;Ilyina et al., 2019;Polyakova et al., 2018).
In order to manage the STP market and carry out its quantitative assessment, the authors used the "panel of indicators" of the development of the market for scientific and technical products in the agricultural sector of the EAEU member states, presented in Figure 4, which allows assessing the current state of this market in the context of international trends (National Report on Innovations in Russia, 2017).

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In the presented "Panel of Indicators" all indicators are grouped as follows: according to the stages of the development of the NTP market (horizontally); by levels of innovation space (vertical).
For most indicators of the impact of innovation on the economy and society, including the growth rates of labor productivity and life expectancy, Russia still lags behind the leading innovation economies. The country has not yet become a global leader in high-tech markets, domestic products are characterized by insufficient competitiveness.
There are negative dynamics in the development of research and production cooperation, gaps between science, education and business persist: the share of domestic industrial enterprises participating in joint research projects has decreased 1.1 times in the last two years, in general, for the period 2010-2017 years -1.3 times. In the long run, there is no significant improvement in Russia in terms of indicators characterizing the results of commercialization (although, for example, the country's share in the total number of active patents among 45 countries has increased, but the de facto situation cannot be considered satisfactory).

Conclusion
The formation of a single innovation space in the agrarian sector of the EAEU member states on the basis of models of interstate cooperation will allow solving an important interstate problem of ensuring the access of the Union's agricultural producers to advanced agricultural technologies. Such an approach will help the countries to gain real economic effect from combining scientific and financial potentials, ensure mutual economic interest and build on this basis a mutually beneficial strategy for sustainable socio-economic development of the agrarian sector of the EAEU member countries on the basis of innovation. The achieved results of such cooperation would allow keeping decent positions both in the domestic and global agri-food markets.